Tolkien Languages Quenya

[LinBau]

Quettaparma Quenyallo
† = poetic or archaic word (e.g. †él "star", elen being the ordinary word) or a poetic or archaic meaning of an ordinary word (e.g. russë "corruscation, †swordblade"), * = unattested form, ** = wrong form, # = word that is only attested in a compound or as an inflected form (e.g. #ahya-). Brackets indicate forms struck out by Tolkien. Abbreviations: LotR = The Lord of the Rings, Silm = The Silmarillion , MC = The Monsters and the Critics and other Essays, MR = Morgoth's Ring, LR = The Lost Road, Etym = The Etymologies (in LR:347-400), FS = Fíriel's Song (in LR:72), RGEO = The Road Goes Ever On (Second Edition), WJ = The War of the Jewels, PM = The Peoples of Middle-earth, Letters = The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, LT1 = The Book of Lost Tales 1, LT2 = The Book of Lost Tales 2, Nam = Namárië (in LotR:398), CO = Cirion's Oath and its commentary in UT:305, 317, EO = Elendil's Oath in LotR:1003, 1004; Arct = "Arctic" sentence (in The Father Christmas Letters), Markirya = the Markirya Poem and its commentary in MC:221-223; GL = Gnomish Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #11), QL = Qenya Lexicon (in Parma Eldalamberon #12), PE = Parma Eldalamberon, VT = Vinyar Tengwar (PE and VT being journals publishing Tolkien material edited by C. Gilson, C.F. Hostetter, A.R. Smith, W. Welden and P. Wynne; please refer to the individual journals here referenced to determine which editors are involved in any given case), vb = verb, adj = adjective, interj = interjection, pa.t. = past tense, fut = future tense, perf = perfect tense, freq = frequentative form, inf = infinitive, gen = genitive, pl = plural form, sg = singular form. The spelling used in this wordlist is regularized (c for k except in a few names, x for ks, long vowels marked with accents rather than macrons or circumflexes; the diaeresis is used as in most of LotR). The spelling used in the source is usually indicated; for instance, ("k") following a word indicates that the word is spelt with a k instead of a c in Tolkien's text. When s in a word represents earlier Þ (th as in "thing") and it should be spelt with the letter súlë instead of silmë in Tengwar writing (though Tolkien himself sometimes ignored or forgot this), this is indicated by (Þ) immediately following the word in question (see for instance asëa aranion). When n in a word represents earlier ñ (ng as in "thing") and should be spelt with the letter noldo rather than númen in Tengwar writing, this is indicated by (ñ) immediately following the word in question (see for instance Noldomar). When the word is actually spelt with ñ instead of n in the source, this is indicated by ("ñ") immediately following the word in question (see for instance nandë #2).

Wordlist last updated May 17th, 2005

<A>

a (1) vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" (LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308); also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 (cf. 15): A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion *"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary".
a (2) "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but it is not known whether this idea is valid in LotR-style Quenya)
a (3), also á, imperative particle: a laita, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á tula *"come!" (VT43:14). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"). The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.
a- (1) prefix occurring in the word Atalante, said to denote "complete". Probably just a prefixed stemvowel; cf. a root like ANÁR, said to be derived from NAR. (TALÁT)
a- (2) a prefix occurring in the Markirya poem (Tolkien first used na-, then changed it). It may be prefixed to verbal stems following a noun that is the object of sense-verbs like "see" and "hear" when the verb it is prefixed to describes what happens to this noun, as in man cenuva lumbor ahosta[?] (changed from na-hosta), "who shall see the clouds gather?" (hosta = "gather").
acca ("k") "too" (= excessively, as in "too big") (PE13:108)
Acairis ("k") fem. name, "bride" (LT1:252; in Tolkien's later Quenya, "bride" is rather indis)
acúna ("k") see cúna
Ae (Quenya?) "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)
aha "rage", also name of tengwa #11, earlier called harma (Appendix E)
ahosta see hosta
#ahya- "change", only attested in the past tense: ahyanë (PM:395)
ai! interjection "Ah!", "Alas!" (Nam, RGEO:66; also twice in Narqelion, untranslated.) In one (abandoned) version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien may seem to use ai as a vocative particle: ai Ataremma ?"o our Father" (VT43:10, 13)
aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya (VT43:28)
aica (1) ("k") "sharp" (AYAK) or "fell, terrible, dire" (PM:347; according to PM:363 seldom applied to evil things). In Aicanáro, q.v.
aica (2) ("k") "broad, vast" (LT2:338 - this early "Qenya" form is probably obsoleted by # 1 above)
aicalë ("k") "a peak" (AYAK)
Aicanáro ("k") "Sharp Flame, Fell Fire", masc. name; Sindarized as Aegnor. (So in SA:nár and PM:345; MR:323 has Aicanár. VT41:14, 19 instead gives Ecyanáro as the Q form of Aegnor.)
aicassë ("k") (1) "mountain peak" (AYAK)
aicassë ("k") (2) "pinetree" (GL:17; this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by #1 above.)
ailin ("g.sg. ailinen", in Tolkien's later Quenya dat.sg.) "pool, lake" (AY, LIN1, LT2:339)
#ailinë (nominative uncertain) a "Qenya" word for "shore, beach" (in Tolkien's later Quenya rather hresta). Only attested in inflected forms: sg. ablative ailinello "shore-from" (MC:213), sg. locative ailinisse "on shore" (MC:221), pl. locative ailissen "on beaches" (for *ailinissen?) (MC:221)
ailo "lake, pool" (LT2:339; Tolkien's later Quenya has ailin)
aimenal, aimenel - see lirulin
aina "holy" (AYAN), derived from Ainu. Adopted and adapted from Valarin. According to VT43:32, the word is "obsolete, except in Ainur", apparently suggesting that airë or airëa (q.v.) were the normal term for "holy" in later Quenya. However, Tolkien repeatedly used aina in his translation of the Litany of Loreto: Aina Fairë "Holy Spirit", Aina Neldië "Holy Trinity", Aina Maria "Holy Mary", Aina Wendë "Holy Virgin". He also used Aina Eruontari for "holy Mother" in his rendering of the Sub Tuum Praesidium (WJ:399, FS, SA, VT43:32, VT44:5, 12, 17-18)
Aini feminine form of Ainu (AYAN, LT1:248); see Ainu.
Ainu "holy one, angelic spirit"; fem. Aini (AYAN, LT1:248); "one of the 'order' of the Valar and Maiar, made before Eä"; pl. Ainur attested. Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399). In the early "Qenya lexicon", ainu was glossed "a pagan god", and aini was similarly "a pagan goddess", but as Christopher Tolkien notes, "Of course no one within the context of the mythology can call the Ainur 'pagan' " (LT1:248). Ainulindalë "Music of the Ainur" (SA:lin #2), the First History (WJ:406), the Song of Creation (AYAN)
aipio "plum tree, cherry tree" (GL:18)
aiqua ("q") "steep" (AYAK)
aiqualin ("q") "tall", plural form () (MC:216; this is "Qenya" - but cf. aiqua above.)
aiquen "if anybody, whoever" (WJ:372)
aira (1) "red, copper-coloured, ruddy" (GAY)
aira (2) "holy"; see airë.
aira (3) "old" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
[aira (4) "eternal" (EY, VT45:13)]
airë (1) "holy", #Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" (VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page), airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" (a title of Varda, PM:363), genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" (Nam, RGEO:67 - but according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy"; VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa).
airë (2) "sea" (the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg.) (AYAR/AIR)
[airë (3) "eternity" (EY, VT45:13)]
airëa "holy"; see airë.
aista (1) adj. "holy" (VT43:37)
#aista- (2) "to bless", verbal stem isolated from the passive participle aistana "blessed" (VT43:30)
aista- (3) "to dread" (GÁYAS, VT45:14; possibly obsoleted by #2 above)
aiwë "(small) bird" (AIWÊ, SA:lin #1); Aiwendil "Lover of Birds" (UT:401)
Aiwenor, Aiwenorë (read *Aiwenórë?) "Birdland" = lower air (AIWÊ)
aiya "hail", as greeting (LotR2:IV ch. 9, see Letters:385 for translation). Variant aia (VT43:28)
'al- "thrive" (GALA; the ' simply indicates that the original initial G has disappeared and needs not normally be included.) Compare #alála-.
ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.
ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.
ala (3) "after, beyond" (MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after")
[ala (4) (also alar! or alla!) "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14)]
[ala (5) "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them: genitive "of day" and instrumental "by day"? However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]
alaco ("k") "rush, rushing flight, wild wind" (VT45:5 cf. ÁLAK)
alahasta "unmarred" (MR:254)
#alála- *"to continually grow" (VT27:20, 25), maybe the frequentative of a simpler verb al- or ala- "to grow". Cf. 'al- "thrive".
alalmë "elm, elm-tree" (ÁLAM, LÁLAM, LT1:249)
alalmino "Elm"-something? (Narqelion)
#Alamanya pl. Alamanyar, name of the Elves who started on the march from Cuiviénen but did not reach Aman; = Úmanyar (MR:163)
álamë, see me
[alan, alanen - see ala #5]
[alar! (also ala and alla!) "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14, 26)]
[Aláriel, masc. name = "Eadwine", friend of fortune (but this name is elsewhere rendered into Quenya as Herendil, q.v.) (VT45:26)]
alarca ("k") swift, rapid" (LAK2)
alasaila "unwise" (VT41:13, 18; VT42:33)
alassë (1) "joy, merriment" (GALÁS) [VT42:32; a gloss "mirth" was deleted, VT45:14]
[alassë (2) "hail" or "bless", evidently a synonym of the greeting alar!, q.v. (VT45:26)]
alas (alast-) "marble" (QL:30, GL:39).
alat- prefix "large, great in size". (ÁLAT, cf. VT45:5). In Alatairë.
Alatairë "Great Sea", name of Western Ocean between Beleriand and Valinor, called Belegaer in Sindarin (ÁLAT, AYAR/AIR)
alca ("k") "ray of light" (AKLA-R)
alcantaméren ("k") "made it shine" (with a fem.pl. subject; the ending -ren probably means "they" of women, but the ending does not have to be translated here) (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
alcar (so spelt in CO, VT43:37-38, and VT44:32/34; otherwise "alkar") "glory, radiance, brilliance, splendour" (WJ:369, CO, VT43:37-38, AKLA-R; the latter source also lists an alternative longer form alcarë, also occurring in VT44:7/10)
Alcarin "the Glorious", title taken by Atanatar II of Gondor, also name of one of the Kings of Númenor (Appendix A). Is this to be taken as a shorter form of alcarinqua, q.v.?
alcarinqua "radiant, glorious" (AKLA-R [there spelt "alkarinqa"], WJ:412, VT44:7/10); noun Alcarinquë, "The Glorious", name of a star/planet (SA:aglar - there spelt "Alkarinquë", but the Silmarillion Index has "Alcarinquë". The celestial body in question seems to be Jupiter, MR:435). Cf. also Alcarin, q.v.
alcarain ("k") "shining" (pl - sg *alcara?) (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
alcarissen ("k") "in light-rays" (a "Qenya" form from MC:221; alcar means "glory" in Tolkien's later Quenya)
Alcorin ("k"), variant of Ilcorin, q.v. (VT45:5, 25)
alda "tree" (GALAD, GÁLAD, SA, Nam, RGEO:66, LR:41, SD:302, LT1:249, LT2:340, VT39:7), also name of tengwa #28 (Appendix E). Pl. aldar in Narqelion; gen. pl. aldaron "of trees" in Namárië. Etymology of alda, see Letters:426 and UT:266-7. The latter source states that primitive *galadâ, whence Quenya alda, originally applied to stouter and more spreading trees such as oaks or beeches, while straighter and more slender trees such as birches were called *ornê, Quenya ornë - but this distinction was not always observed in Quenya, and it seems that alda became the general word. Place-name Aldalómë *"Tree-night" or *"Tree-twilight" (LotR2:III ch. 4); Aldarion masc. name, *"Son of (the) Trees" (Appendix A). Aldaron a name of Oromë (Silm). Aldúya fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Trees (Appendix D). The word seems to include *Aldu, a dual form referring to the Two Trees. The Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa (presumably < *aldajâ), referring to one tree (the White) only. The dual Aldu seems to occur also in Aldudénië "Lament for the Two Trees" (a strange word, since Quenya does not permit intervocalic d as in this word - perhaps the Vanyarin dialect of Quenya did) (Silm)
Aldalemnar "week of the Trees, Midyear week" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK (GÁLAD, YEN) )
Aldaron a name of Oromë (GÁLAD)
aldarwa "having trees, tree-grown" (3AR). See -arwa.
Aldëa, what the Númenóreans called the fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to Telperion, the White Tree (Appendix D). The day was originally called Aldúya, referring to both of the Two Trees, but Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa (presumably < *aldajâ), referring to one tree (the White) only. (Appendix D) -Early "Qenya" also has an adjective aldëa "tree-shadowed" (LT1:249).
aldëon "avenue of trees" (LT1:249)
[alla! (also alar! or ala) "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5, 14)]
[allen - see ala #5.]
alma "good fortune, weal, wealth". In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses were "riches, (good) fortune, blessedness"; in another deleted entry, Tolkien provided the glosses "growth" and maybe "increase" (reading uncertain), also "good fortune, riches" (GALA [ALAM], VT45:5, 13, 14)
almarë "blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, the glosses provided were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)
almárëa "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)
Almaren the first abode of the Valar in Arda, apparently related to almarë "blessedness" (Silm, LR:357)
Almáriel (fem. name) (GALA, VT45:5, 14)
almië "blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss". In a deleted entries in Etym, the glosses were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)
alqua "swan" (ÁLAK [there spelt alqa, as in LT1:249/LT2:335], SA:alqua, UT:265, VT42:7). The alternative form alquë ("q") mentioned in early material (LT1:249) may or may not be valid in LotR-style Quenya.
Alqualondë "Swan-road, Swan-haven", capital of the Teleri (ÁLAK, LOD, KHOP [there spelt Alqalonde], Silm).
Alquarámë ("q") "Swan-wing" (LT2:335)
alta (1) *"large, great in size" (root meaning) (ÁLAT). Alat- in Alatairë, q.v.
alta (2) "radiance" (VT42:32 - the author of the article does not make it clear if this word is taken from unpublished material or merely isolated from the name Altariel; in the latter case its true Quenya form would be ñalta, according to PM:347)
[alta- (3) "grow" (VT45:13) or "make grow" (VT45:14)]
Altariel "Galadriel", "maiden crowned with a radiant garland" (SA:kal; the form Alatáriel is Telerin; see PM:347)
[alwa "healthy, strong, flourishing" (+ one gloss not certainly legible: ?"well grown") (VT45:14)]
alya "prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed" (GALA). In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses provided were "rich, blessed"; another deleted entry defined alya as "rich, prosperous, blessed". -GALA, [ÁLAM], (VT42:32, 45:5, 14)
alyë imperative particle with ending -lyë "you"; see a #3.
am- (prefix) "up" (AM2)
ama not glossed, evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am- (UNU)
amaldar (Narqelion; may include aldar "trees")
aman "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399) Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mân- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mân). Adj. amanya "of Aman, *Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi *"Aman-elves" (WJ:373). Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mân)
amandi pl. of óman, q.v. (amandi is evidently a misreading for *omandi) (OM)
Amarië (fem. name; perhaps derived from mára "good") (Silm)
amarto "Fate" (also ambar) (LT2:348; in LotR-style Quenya rather umbar, umbart-)
amatixë ("ks"), dot or point placed above the line of writing (TIK). Tolkien rejected the variant amatexë ("ks") (VT46:20)
†amaurëa "dawn, early day" (Markirya)
amba "up, upwards" (adv.) (AM2 (UNU) )
ambal "shaped stone, flag" (MBAL)
Ambalar "East" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
ambalë "yellow bird, 'yellow hammer' " (SMAL)
*ambalotsë "uprising-flower", referring to "the flower or floreate device used as a crest fixed to point of a tall [illegible word: ?archaic] helmet". Strangely, the word is asterisked as unattested (WJ:319)
amban "upward slope, hill-side" AM2)
ambapenda "uphill" (adj.) (AM2)
ambar (1) ("a-mbar"), "oikumenê [Greek: the earth as the human habitation], Earth, world" (MBAR), related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" (VT45:33); in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself (the wording is not clear). The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing (in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular); in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears (see VT45:33). Ambar-metta "the end of the world" (EO); spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36.
ambar (2) "doom" (variant of umbar?) in Turambar (SA:amarth); instrumental ambartanen "by doom" (Silm ch. 21, UT:138). The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto (LT2:348)
ambar (3) "in bosom" (locative -r), nominative "bosom" presumably *amba (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
Ambarenya, Ambarendya "Middle-earth" (but the more usual word is Endor, Endórë) (MBAR)
ambaron (ambarón- as in "g.sg. ambarónen", in LotR-style Quenya this is a dative singular) "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM2). - In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the form ambaron also appears in the entry MBAR, but according to VT45:33 this is an error for ambaren, apparently intended as the genitive singular of ambar (in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular).
Ambaróna place-name; presumably a variant of Ambarónë "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (LotR2:III ch. 4; compare the Etymologies, entry AM2)
Ambarónë "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM2)
Ambarto *"upwards-exalted", mother-name (never used in narrative) of Pityafinwë = Amrod (PM:353, 354)
Ambarussa "top-russet", alternation of Umbarto, mother-name (never used in narrative) of Telufinwë = Amras (PM:353-354)
ambo "hill", allative pl. ambonnar "upon hills" in Markirya (ruxal' ambonnar "upon crumbling hills") According to VT45:5, ambo was added to the Etymologies as a marginal note.
ámen, see me
amil "mother" (AM1). Longer variant amillë (VT44:18-19), compounded Eruamillë "Mother of God" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary (VT43:32); if amil is a shortened form of amillë, it should probably have the stem-form amill-. Compounded amil- in amilessë "mothername" (cf. essë "name"), name given to a child by its mother, sometimes with prophetic implications (amilessi tercenyë "mother-names of insight"). (MR:217).
Amillion "February" (LT1:249; LotR-style Quenya has Nénimë)
ammalë "yellow bird, 'yellow hammer' " (SMAL)
ammë "mother" (AM1)
#amorta- "heave" (literally "up-rise, rise up", cf. orta-; the prefix am- means "up"). Only attested as a participle amortala "heaving" in Markirya.
ampa "hook", also name of tengwa #14 (GAP, Appendix E)
ampano "building" (especially of wood), "wooden hall" (PAN; alternative form umpano, VT45:36, which Tolkien in one case altered to ampano, VT46:8). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ampano was also the name of tengwa #6 (VT46:8), which letter Tolkien would later call umbar instead (changing its value from mp to mb).
ampenda "uphill" (adj.) (AM2)
ampendë "upward slope" (PEN/PÉNED
amu "up, upwards" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya amba)
amu- "raise" (LT2:335; LotR-style Quenya has orta-)
amun (amund-) "hill" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya ambo)
amuntë "sunrise" (LT2:335; Tolkien's later Quenya has anarórë)
an "for" (Nam, RGEO:66) - but the an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290) seems to denote motion towards (the speaker): the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" (NÂ1). In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until".
an- intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" (cf. calima "bright"), antara "very high, very lofty" and #anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" (the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription, there with the dative ending -n). Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca ("k") "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- (though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result; likewise, we would presumably see forms in amb- if an- is prefixed to words in v- derived from original b, whereas words in v- derived from older w- would show anw- if the intensive prefix is supplied). See also un-. (Letters:279, VT45:5, 36) Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially contradicting system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- (the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-), as in- (technically iñ-) before c- and g- (the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix), and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea.

[LinBau]

an- prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. (LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead.)
ana- (1) (prefix) "to, towards" (NÂ1)
ana (2) apparently the imperative "give!", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question (VT44:13)
Anamo "of doom" in Rithil-Anamo, q.v. Nominative "doom" = *anama? or *anan (anam-)?
ananta, a-nanta "and yet, but yet" (FS, NDAN)
Anar "Sun" (ANÁR, NAR1, SA:nár; UT:22 cf. 51); anar "a sun" (Markirya); Anarinya "my Sun" (FS). See also Úr-anar. (According to VT45:6, Tolkien in the Etymologies mentioned anar "sun" as the name of the short vowel carrier of the Tengwar writing system; it would be the first letter if anar is written in Tengwar.) In Anárion *"Sun-son" and Anardil *"Sun-friend", masc. names (Appendix A). Anarya second day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Sun (Appendix D). Anarríma name of a constellation: *"Sun-border" (Silm; cf. ríma)
#anarcandë "petition" (isolated from anarcandemman, "our petitions", possibly an error for *anarcandemmar) (VT44:8); Tolkien seems to have abandoned this word in favour of #arcandë, q.v.
anat "but" (VT43:23; possibly an ephemeral form)
anarórë "sunrise" (ORO)
anca "jaws, row of teeth" (ÁNAK [there spelt anca in Etym as printed in LR, but according to VT45:5, Tolkien's own spelling in the Etym manuscript was anka], NAK [there spelt anka], Appendix E, SA - despite what Christopher Tolkien says in the entry anca in SA, the Quenya word anca as such does NOT appear in the Sindarin dragon-name Ancalagon, but its Sindarin cognate anc does. See ÁNAK in the Etymologies.) Also name of tengwa #15 (Appendix E). Despite its English gloss, anca is a singular word (in Etym the gloss is indeed "jaw", not "jaws").
Ancalë ("k") "radiant one" or "radiance" = Sun (KAL, VT45:5, 18). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, Ancalë was the name of letter #7 (VT45:18), which tengwa Tolkien would later call anga instead - changing its Quenya value from nc to ng. - Another source (VT45:36) cites the word for "radiance, Sun" as incalë ("k"), but the form Ancalë is probably to be preferred.
ancalima "most bright, brightest", sc. calima "bright" with a superlative or intensive prefix (LotR2:IV ch. 9; see Letters:385 for translation). Fem. name Ancalimë, *"Most Bright One", also masc. Ancalimon (Appendix A).
anda "long" (adj.) (ÁNAD/ANDA). In Andafangar "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320); andavë "long", as adverb. (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)
andamunda "elephant" ("long-mouth", anda + munda) (MBUD)
andatehta "long-mark" (TEK), indicated to be an accent-like symbol ´ used to mark long vowels (VT46:17)
ando (1) "gate", also name of tengwa #5 (AD, Appendix E). A deleted entry in the Etymologies gave Ando Lómen, evidently "Door of Night" (VT45:28; notice "Qenya" genitive in -n rather than -o as in LotR-style Quenya)
ando (2) adverb "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)
-ando masculine agentive suffix, deleted in the Etymologies (VT45:16), but occurring in words Tolkien used later, like #runando "redeemer".
Andolat (hill-name, = S Dolad) (NDOL)
andon "great gate" (andond-, as in pl. andondi) (AD)
Andórë full form of Andor, "land of gift", name of Númenor (SD:247)
andúnë "sunset, west, evening" (NDÛ, Markirya, SA), also in Namárië: Andúnë "West" (but the standard Quenya translation of "west" is Númen) (Nam, RGEO:66) Cf. andu- in Andúnië, Andúril.
Andúnië (apparently a variant form of andúnë) (place-name, a city and port on the western coast of Númenor, said to mean "sunset"). (Appendix A, Silm, UT:166, NDÛ/VT45:38)
Andúril "Flame of the West", sword-name (LotR1:II ch. 3)
Andustar the "Westlands" of Númenor (UT:165)
anessë "given (or added) name" (encompassing both epessi and amilessi) (MR:217)
anga "iron", also name of tengwa #7 (ANGÂ, Appendix E, SA, PM:347, LT1:249, 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would later call noldo instead (VT45:6). Masc. name Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters:347), Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod (SA:ar(a) ). See also Angamando. Cf. also Angainor the chain with which Melkor was bound (Silm)
angaina "of iron" (ANGÂ)
angaitya "torment" (LT1:249)
Angamando "Iron-gaol", Sindarin Angband (MR:350). The Etymologies gives Angamanda "Angband, Hell", lit. "Iron-prison" (MBAD, VT45:33). In deleted material in the Etymologies, the Quenya name of Angband was Angavanda (VT45:6); cf. vanda #2. Older "Qenya" has Angamandu "Hells of Iron" (or pl. Angamandi) (LT1:249).
angayassë "misery" (LT1:249)
ango "snake"; stem angu- as in angulócë (q.v.); pl. angwi (ANGWA/ANGU)
angulócë ("k") "dragon" (LOK)
anna "gift" (ANA1, SA), also name of tengwa #23 (Appendix E); pl. annar "gifts" in Fíriel's Song. Annatar "Lord of Gifts, *Gift-lord", name assumed by Sauron when he tried to seduce the Eldar in the Second Age (SA:tar). Eruanna "God-gift", gift of God, i.e. "grace" (VT43:38)
anqualë "agony, death" (form Tolkien seems to have intended as a replacement for unqualë of similar meaning, VT45:24, 36)
anta- (1) verb "give" (ANA1, MC:215, 221). Several occurrences in FS: antalto "they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present (se -lto for the ending); antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" (pl.); antaróta "he gave it" (anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it"), another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read probably *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" (LR:63) should rather be *antuváro, assuming that the ending -ro "he" remained valid. Antalë imperative "give thou" (VT43:17), anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned.
anta (2) noun "face" (ANA1, VT45:5)
antara "very high, very lofty", the adjective tára "lofty" with the superlative prefix an- (q.v.) We might have expected *antára. Also name Antaro (VT45:5, 36), said to be the "name of a mountain in Valinor south of Taniqetil" (VT46:17)
antë "giver" (f.) (ANA1)
anto (1) "mouth", also name of tengwa #13 (Appendix E)
anto (2) "giver" (m.) (ANA1)
antoryamë "strengthening", used of various manipulations of a stem, such as lengthening vowels or consonants or turning a consonant or a vowel into a "blend" (see ostimë) (VT39:9)
antúlien "hath returned" in the phrase I.cal' antúlien ("k") "Light hath returned" (LT1:270); note the "Qenya" third person ending -n. In LotR-style Quenya this would perhaps read *i cál' enutúlië.
#anyára (anyáran), see an-, yára
anwa "real, actual, true" (ANA2)
anwë archaic past tense of auta-, q.v. (WJ:366)
apa (1) "after" (VT44:36), attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v., though in other conceptual phases, epë means "before" rather than "after" (and according to VT44:36, apa was also ascribed first one, then the other meaning in a late text, but both were rejected). See also apa # 2 below. For Neo-Quenya purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the meaning "after", as in our most widely-published sources. Variants pa, pá (VT44:36), but like apa these are also ascribed other meanings elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo (VT44:36) may be yet another variant of the word for "after".
apa (2) preposition denoting "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall). Apa is said to have this meaning in various Tolkien manuscripts (VT44:26), but apa is also used for "after" (see apa #1 above), and the two were probably never meant to coexist in a single variant of Quenya. The problem may be avoided by consistently using the variants pá, pa (q.v.) mentioned by Tolkien in the sense of apa #2.
apacenyë is translated "foresight" in MR:216; yet the context and the form of the word itself clearly indicates that it is actually the pl. form of an adjective *apacenya "of foresight". The noun "foresight" is almost certainly *apacen; cf. tercen "insight". (MR:216) The literal meaning of *apacen is *"aftersight", sc. knowledge of that which comes after. [Essi] apacenyë "[names] of foresight", prophetic names given to a child by its mother (MR:216)
apairë "victory" (GL:17)
Apanónar "the After-born", an Elvish name of Mortal Men as the Second-born of Ilúvatar (WJ:387)
#ap- (cited in the form apë, evidently the 3rd person aorist) "touch (one)" in the figurative sense; "concern, affect" (VT44:26)
apo ?"after" (see apa #1) (VT44:36)
appa- "touch" (in the literal sense; contrast #ap- above) (VT44:26)
apsa "cooked food, meat" (AP)
apsene- "remit, release, forgive" (VT43:18, 20; it is unclear whether the final -e is somehow part of the verbal stem or is just the final form of the ending -i associated with the aorist, so that "I forgive" would be *apsenin). Where Tolkien used apsene-, he cited the person(s) forgiven in the dative (ámen apsenë "forgive us", literally "for us"), whereas the matter that is forgiven appears as a direct object (VT43:12). Compare avatyar-.
aqua "fully, completely, altogether, wholly" (WJ:392)
aquapahtië "privacy" (literally *"fully-closedness", of a mind that closes itself against telepathic transfers) (VT39:23)
ar (1) "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34). A longer form arë is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6).
ar (2) "day", apparently short for árë, in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). In LotR-style Quenya, the word for "day" is rather aurë (or ré), q.v.
aranya, also ranya, "free" (adj.) Another gloss was not certainly legible, but the editors suggest "uncontrolling" (VT46:10)
Ar Fanturion *"Day of the Fanturi (Mandos and Lorien)" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK). Also Arë Fanturion (VT45:27).
Ar Manwen *"Day of Manwe" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n.) Also Arë Manwen (VT45:27).
Ar Ulmon *"Day of Ulmo" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n.)
Ar Veruen *"Day of the Spouses" (Aule and Yavanna) (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n.) Also Arë Veruen (VT45:27).
ar- (prefix) "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17)
ára "dawn" (AR1). According to VT45:6, ára is also the name of the long vowel carrier of the Tengwar system; it would be the first letter of the word ára if spelt in Tengwar.
ara "outside, beside" (AR2). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. As for ar(a), see ar #1.
Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)
Araman "outside Aman", name of a region (SA:ar, mân)
aran "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya *"my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, *"King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" (UT:165). Other compounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.
aranel "princess" (perhaps *aranell-) (UT:434)
#aranië "kingdom" (aranielya "thy kingdom") (VT43:15)
Aranwë *"Kingly Person", masc. name (Silm)
Aratan *"Noble Adan", masc. name (Silm)
Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369)
aráto "champion, eminent man" (SA:ar(a) )
arauca ("k") "swift, rushing" (LT2:347)
arauco ("k") "a powerful, hostile, and terrible creature; demon" (variant of rauco). Tolkien's earlier "Qenya" has araucë "demon" (WJ:415, LT1:250)
arca- "pray" (VT43:23, cf. VT44:8, 18); evidently this basically means "to petition", compare arcandë below.
#arcandë "petition" (isolated from arcandemmar "our petitions") (VT44:8)
Arciryas masc. name (evidently derived from *arcirya "royal ship") (Appendix A)
arda "realm" (GAR under 3AR). It is said that arda, when used as a common noun, "meant any more or less bounded or defined place, a region" (WJ:402), or "a particular land or region" (WJ:413). Capitalized Arda "the Realm", name of the Earth as the kingdom of Manwë (Silm), "the name given to our world or earth...within the immensity of Eä" (Letters:283), once translated "Earth" (SD:246). Also name of tengwa #26 (Appendix E). Masc. name Ardamírë "Jewel of the World" (PM:348)
arë "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)
árë "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E). Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. - In the Etymologies, this word has a short vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)
Arfanyaras, Arfanyarassë a "variant or close equivalent" of Taniquetil (WJ:403)
arië "daytime" (AR1)
Arien "the Sun-maiden", fem. name, the Maia of the Sun (AR1; Silm); cf. árë "sunlight"
arin "morning" (AR1)
arinya "morning" as adjective; "early" (AR1, VT45:6)
[arma "possessions, goods, property" (VT45:14), "a piece of goods or property" (VT45:16)]
armar "goods" (pl.) (3AR)
Armenelos City of the Kings in Númenor (ar-menel-os(to) "royal-heaven-city")
Arnanórë, Arnanor "Arnor", Royal Land (so #arna = "royal"?) (Letters:428)
arquen "a noble" (WJ:372)
arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM:354)
arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT under 3AR)
arta (3) prep. "across, athwart" (LT2:335)
Artaher (Artahér-) "noble lord", masc. name (Sindarin Arothir) (PM:346)
Artamir "Noble jewel", masc. name (Appendix A)
artuilë "dayspring, early morn" (TUY)
Arvalin "outside Valinor" (AR2)
Arveruen third day of the Valinorian week of 5 days, dedicated to Aule and Yavanna (BES)
arwa (1) "in control of, possessing" (+ genitive), also suffix -arwa "having", as in aldarwa "having trees, tree-grown" (3AR). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, -arwa was glossed "having, possessing, holding, controlling" (VT45:14)
[arwa (2) "possessions, belongings, wealth (VT45:14)]
[arwë "possessions, wealth; treasure" (VT45:14, 16)]
arya (1) "twelve hours, day" (AR1); in deleted notes this word was also used as an adjective: "of the day, light" (VT45:6). Still according to VT45:6, arya is also the name of Tengwa #26 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #26 arda instead (indeed arya was changed from arda in the source; Tolkien would later change his mind back again). The abandoned name arya suggests that the letter was to have the value ry (rather than rd as in the classical system outlined in LotR Appendix E).
[arya- "to possess" (VT45:14)]
Aryantë "Daybringer" (AR1, ANA1)
aryon "heir" (GAR under 3AR). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, the word was given as aryo, aryon and defined as "son of property = heir" (VT45:14), whereas in VT45:16 (reproducing deleted material from the Etymologies), the word is defined as "heir, prince".
#as "with" (together with); attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT43:29)
asar (Þ) (Vanyarin athar) "fixed time, festival". Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399) Pl. asari is attested (VT39:31)
asëa aranion (Þ) "kingsfoil, athelas"; lit. "asëa [foil?] of kings", see aran (LotR3:V ch. 8)
#ascat- "break asunder", only attested in the past tense: ascantë (SD:310)
assari "bones" (?) (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
asta "month", a division of the year (VT42:20). Pl. astar is attested (Appendix D)
Astaldo "the Valiant", a title of Tulkas (Silm, MR:438); replaced Poldórëa.
asto "dust" (ÁS-AT). According to VT45:6, asto was the name of tengwa #13 in the pre-classical system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later change the name of this letter to anto (its Quenya value changing from st to nt).
ata "again", also prefix ata-, at- "back, again, re-" (AT(AT) )
Atalantë "the Fallen" (name), "downfall, overthrow, especially as name of the land of Númenor" (DAT/DANT, TALÁT, Akallabêth, SD:247, 310; also LR:47, VT45:26). Variant atalantië "Downfall", said to be a normal noun-formation in Quenya (Letters:347, footnote). Also common noun atalantë "collapse, downfall", from which noun is derived the adjective atalantëa "ruinous, downfallen", pl. atalantië in Markirya (changed to sg. atalantëa - this change does not make immediate sense, since the adjective undoubtedly modifies a plural noun, but Tolkien does not always let adjectives agree in number).
atalta- "collapse, fall in" (TALÁT), pa.t. ataltanë "down-fell, fell down" in LR:47 and SD:247; atalantë "down-fell" in LR:56
Atan pl. Atani "the Second Folk", an Elvish name of Mortal Men, the Second-born of Ilúvatar. Cf. also Núnatani (WJ:386). Atanamir masc.name, *"Edain-jewel"? (Appendix A). Atanatar masc. name, "Father of Men" (Appendix A), also common noun atanatar, pl. Atanatári, "Fathers of Men", a title that "properly belonged only to the leaders and chieftains of the peoples at the time of their entry into Beleriand" (PM:324, SA:atar)
ataquë ("q") "construction, building" (TAK)
atar "father" (SA; WJ:402, UT:193, LT1:255, VT43:37, VT44:12). According to the Etymologies (ATA) the pl. is atari, but contrast #atári in Atanatári "Fathers of Men" (q.v.) Atarinya "my father" (LR:70). Diminutive Atarincë ("k") "Little father", mother-name (never used in narrative) of Curufinwë = Curufin (PM:353). Átaremma, Ataremma "our Father" as the first word of the Quenya translation of the Lord's Prayer, written before Tolkien changed -mm- as the marker of 1st person pl. exclusive to -lm-; notice -e- as a connecting vowel before the ending -mma "our". In some versions of the Lord's Prayer, including the final version, the initial a of atar "father" is lengthened, producing #átar. This may be a contraction of *a atar "o Father", or the vowel may be lengthened to give special emphasis to #Átar "Father" as a religious title (VT43:13). However, in VT44:12 Atar is also a vocative form referring to God, and yet the initial vowel remains short.
atarmë "for us" (VT44:18; Tolkien apparently considered dropping this curious form, which in another text was replaced by rá men, rámen; see rá #1)
atatya "double" (verb or adj.?) (VT42:26)
atendëa "double-middle", name of the two enderi or middle-days that occurred in leap-years according to the calendar of Imladris (Appendix D, first edition of LotR)
atsa "catch, hook, claw" (GAT)
atta (1) "two" (AT(AT), Letters:427, VT42:26, 27); Attalyar "Bipeds" (sg. *Attalya) = Petty-dwarves (from Sindarin Tad-dail) (WJ:389). A word atta "again" was struck out; see the entry TAT in Etym and cf. ata in this list.
[atta- (prefix) (2) "back again, re-" (TAT)]
attëa ordinal "second", replacing the archaic form tatya (VT42:25)
atto "father" (hypocoristic, = *"dad") (ATA, LR:49)
#atya "second" in Atyarussa "Second russa" (VT41:10)
atwa "double" (AT(AT) )
au- (1) a verbal prefix "off, *away", as in auciri ("k") "cut off" (so as to get rid of or lose a portion); contrast hóciri (WJ:366, 368)
au- (2) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)
aulë (1) "invention" (GAWA/GOWO); evidently connected to or associated with Aulë, name of the Vala of craft (GAWA/GOWO, TAN); adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399)
aulë (2) "shaggy" (LT1:249; this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)
Aulendur "Servant of Aulë", applied especially to those persons, or families, among the Noldor who actually entered Aulë's service and in return received instruction from him (PM:366)
Aulëonnar (sg. #Aulëonna) "Children of Aulë", a name of the Dwarves (PM:391)
aurë "sunlight, day" (SA:ur), locative auressë "in (the) morning" in Markirya
Aurel (Aureld-, e.g. pl. Aureldi) = Oarel, q.v. "Elf who departed from Beleriand to Aman" (while the Sindar stayed there) (WJ:363). Earlier Auzel.
ausa (þ) "a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition" (VT42:10, cf. 9)
ausië "wealth" (LT2:336)
auta- (1) "go away, leave" (leave the point of the speaker's thought); old "strong" past tense anwë, usually replaced by vánë, perfect avánië - but when the meaning is purely physical "went away (to another place)" rather than "disappear", the past tense oantë, perfect oantië was used. Past participle vanwa "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past and over" (WJ:366)
auta- (2) "invent, originate, devise" (GAWA/GOWO) This could be obsoleted by # 1 above; on the other hand, the verbs would be quite distinct in the past tense, where auta- #2 would likely have the straightforward form *autanë.
autë "prosperity, wealth", also adj. "rich" (LT2:336)
Auzel pl. Auzeldi Vanyarin form (and original form) of Aureldi (WJ:374); see Aurel
áva, avá (the latter stressed on the final syllable) "Don't!", negative imperative particle (compare ala, #ála). Cf. ávan "I won't" (also ván, ványë); áva carë! ("k") "don't do it!" (WJ:371)
ava (1) "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)
ava- (2) prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" (WJ:370)
ava- (3) (prefix) "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)
ava- (4) pa.t. avanë, a verb that is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit (WJ:370). Cf. áva, Avamanyar.
Avacúma "Exterior Void beyond the World" (AWA, (OY) )
avahaira "remote, far" (adj.) (KHAYA)
Avallónë Haven and city on Tol Eressëa. In the Akallabêth the city is said to be so named because it is "of all cities the nearest to Valinor", but the etymology is not further explained. The Etymologies gives Avalóna "the outer isle" = Tol Eressëa (LONO, (AWA), VT45:28)
Avamanyar Elves that refused to go to Aman (= Avari) (WJ:370). Sg. #Avamanya.
avánië, pl. avánier perfect tense of auta-, q.v. (WJ:366)
avanir "unwill" (VT39:23)
avanótë "without number, numberless" (AWA, AR2)
avanyárima "not to be told or related" (WJ:370)
avaquet- ("q") "refuse, forbid" (KWET)
avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said" (WJ:370)
avar "recusant, one who refuses to act as advised or commanded"; pl. Avari Elves that refused to join in the westward march to Aman (WJ:371, singular Avar in WJ:377) The Etymologies gives Avar or Avaro, pl. Avari "Elves who never left Middle-earth or began the march" (AB/ABAR)
Avathar name of the land between the southern Pelóri and the Sea, where Ungoliant dwelt; said to be "not Elvish" in WJ:404 and must be thought of as an adaption from Valarin; on the other hand, MR:284 states that it is "ancient Quenya" and offers the interpretation "The Shadows". Whatever the case, it must have become *Avasar in Exilic Quenya.
#avatyar- "forgive" (VT43:18); the form ávatyara (VT43:10) seems to include the imperative particle á (the two-word phrase *á avatyara "forgive!" merging into ávatyara). Plural aorist avatyarir (VT43:20). Where Tolkien used avatyar-, he cited the person(s) forgiven in the ablative (ávatyara mello "forgive us", literally "from us"), whereas the matter that is forgiven appears as a direct object (VT43:11). Compare apsenë.
avestalis "January" (LT1:252; LotR-style Quenya has Narvinyë)
axa ("ks") (1) "narrow path, ravine" (AK)
axa ("ks") (2) "waterfall" (LT1:249, 255 - this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)
axan "law, rule, commandment". Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399) Pl. axani is attested (VT39:23, defined as "laws, rules, as primarily proceeding from Eru" in VT39:30)
axo "bone"; pl. axor in Markirya
áya "awe" (PM:363)
ázë see árë

[LinBau]

<C>
ca, cata, cana "behind, at back of place" (VT43:30)
cá ("kâ") "jaw" (GL:37; later sources give anca)
caila ("k") "lying in bed, bedridden, sickness" (KAY, VT45:19). It may be that the gloss "sickness" applies only to the "Noldorin"/Sindarin form cael listed before Quenya caila, since cael could be both an adjective and a noun (the ancient adjective *kailâ "bedridden" merging with the noun *kailê "sickness"). In Quenya the adjective caila < *kailâ would probably be an adjective only.
caima ("k") "bed" (KAY)
caimasan ("k") "bedchamber" (caimasamb-, as in pl. caimasambi) (STAB)
caimassë ("k") "lying in bed (noun), sickness" (KAY)
caimassëa ("k") "bedridden, sick" (KAY)
cainen ("k") "ten" (KAYAN/KAYAR)
cairë ("k") "lay" (pa.t. of "lie") (MC:221; this is "Qenya" - in LotR-style Quenya *caitanë pa.t. of caita?)
caita- "lie", also present tense "lies". Sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies". (Nam, RGEO:67) The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related (VT27:7, 21)
caivo ("k") "corpse" (MC:221; Tolkien's later Quenya has loico or quelet)
caivo-calma ("k") "corpse-light" = corpsecandle (MC:214; this is "Qenya": Tolkien's later Quenya has loicolícuma)
cal- "shine", future tense caluva ("k") "shall shine" (UT:22 cf. 51). Compare also early "Qenya" cala- ("k") "shine" (LT1:254)
cala ("k") "light" (noun, KAL). Concerning the "Qenya" verb cala-, see cal above.
Calacilya ("k") "Pass of Light", in which Kôr was built (KIL, KAL). Evidently a variant of Calacirya.
Calacirya "Light-cleft", Calacirya, the great ravine in the mountains of Valinor, the passage leading from Valmar to the region where the Teleri lived. Genitive Calaciryo in Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67)
Calaciryan ("k") "the Cleft of Light", the pass in the Pelóri, apparently a variant of Calacirya (WJ:403, SA:kal-, kir-). Calaciryan, Calaciryandë, "the region of Eldamar (Elvenhome) in and near the entrance to the ravine, where the Light was brighter and the land more beautiful" (RGEO:70)
Calainis ("k") "May" (LT1:252, 254; in Tolkien's later Quenya Lótessë)
Calamando ("k") "Light Mando" = Manwë (MBAD, (KAL, MANAD), VT45:18, 33)
Calamor ("k") (Q? - not Sindarin!) *"Light-Ones" = Light-Elves? Sg. *Calamo (KAL)
calassë ("k") "clarity, brilliance" (GL:39)
Calaquendi "Elves of the Light, Light-elves" (SA:kal-, SA:quen-/quet-, WJ:361, WJ:373); spelt Kalaqendi in Etym (KAL)
calarus (calarust-) "polished copper" (VT41:10)
Calavénë ("k") "Sun" (lit. *"light-vessel", *"light-dish") (LT1:254)
Calaventë ("k") "Sun" (LT1:254)
cálë ("k") "light" (Markirya; in early "Qenya", cálë meant "morning", LT1:254)
calima "bright" (VT42:32); cf. ancalima
Calimehtar masc.name, *"Bright Swordsman" (Appendix A)
Calimmacil masc. name, *"Bright Sword" (for *Calimamacil?) (Appendix A)
calina ("k") "light" (adj.) (KAL), "bright" (VT42:32) - but apparently a noun "light" in coacalina, q.v.
Calion, Tar-Calion, the Quenya name of King Ar-Pharazôn "the Golden"; Calion would seem to be connected to cal- "shine", cálë "light". (Silm)
calliérë "shone" ("k") (MC:220; this is "Qenya" - in LotR-style Quenya *callë, *caltanë.)
callo ("k") "noble man, hero" (KAL)
calma "lamp, a light", also name of tengwa #3 (Appendix E, KAL), which was also already its name in the mostly pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies (VT45:18, there spelt "kalma"). In early "Qenya", calma ("k") meant "daylight" (LT1:254; in MC:213, the word is translated "light"). Plural instrumental calmainen ("k") "lights-by", by lights (MC:216)
Calmacil masc. name, *"Light-sword" or possibly (if haplology of *Calmamacil) *"Lamp-sword" (Appendix A). Cf. cálë, cala, calma, macil.
calmatéma "k-series", velar series: the third column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E)
calpa ("k") "water-vessel"; verb calpa- "draw water, scoop out, bale out" (KALPA)
calta- ("k") "shine" (KAL)
calwa ("k") "beautiful" (LT1:254)
calya- ("k") "illuminate" (KAL, VT45:18)
cambë ("k") "hollow (of hand)" (KAB). In the deleted first version of the entry KAB, this word was glossed "closed hand" (VT45:18).
camta- ("k") "to (make) fit; to fit, accommodate" (VT44:14; the cluster mt seems unusual for Quenya, and it is not explicitly stated in the source that this is a Quenya word)
can- (1) (prefix) ("k") "four" (KÁNAT)
*can- (2) verb "command, order" (give an order) or (with things as object) "demand" (PM:361-362; where various derivatives of the stem KAN- are listed; the verb can- is not directly cited, but seems implied by the statement "in Quenya the sense command had become the usual one".
cana, see ca
Canafinwë "strong-voiced or ?commanding Finwë", masc. name; his Sindarin name was Maglor (see Macalaurë). Short Quenya name Cáno. (PM:352).
cánë ("k") "valour" (KAN)
cáno ("k") "commander", usually as the title of a lesser chief, especially one acting as the deputy of one higher in rank (PM:345, SA:káno - PM:362 indicates that cáno originially meant "crier, herald"); "ruler, governor, chieftain" (UT:400) Masc. name Cáno, see Canafinwë. The word cáno ("k") also occurred in the Etymologies with the gloss "chief", but Tolkien changed it to cánë "valour" (VT45:19).
canta (1) ("k") cardinal "four" (KÁNAT, VT42:24). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, this word was cited with a final hyphen (as if it were a verb), but the hyphen does not actually appear in Tolkien's manuscript (VT45:19). Ordinal cantëa ("k") "fourth" (VT42:25)
canta (2) ("k") "shaped", also as quasi-suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT)
cantëa ("k") "fourth" (VT42:25)
canuva ("k") "leaden" (LT1:268; if this "Qenya" word is used in a LotR-style Quenya context, it must not be confused with the future tense of can-)
canwa "announcement, order" (PM:362)
canya ("k") "bold" (KAN)
capalinda ("k") "spring of water" (LT1:257; ehtelë is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya)
car (card-) ("k") "deed" (rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR)
cár (cas-) ("k") "head" (KAS; the given stem-form appears doubtful within the phonological framework of LotR-style Quenya; read probably car-)
car- (1) "make, do, build" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"), pa.t. carnë (KAR); stem carë ("k") in the phrase áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371); carir "form", aorist pl. in the phrase i carir quettar "those who form words" (WJ:391), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) Some pre-classical forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; the form carnë (LR:362) is probably to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; actually it seems to be an augmentless perfect *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto ("k") must also be *"they made" (cf. -lto).
#car- (2) "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)
caraxë ("k, ks") "jagged hedge of spikes" (KARAK)
carca "tooth" (KARAK) or "fang" (SA:carak-). In a deleted version of the entry in question, the glosses were "tooth, spike, peak" (VT45:19). When referring to a normal tooth, not necessarily sharp, the word nelet is probably to be preferred. - Cf. also pl. carcar ("karkar") in Markirya, there translated "rocks", evidently referring to sharp rocks. Already the early "Qenya Lexicon" has carca ("k") "fang, tooth, tusk" (LT2:344). Collective carcanë, q.v.
carcanë ("k") "row of teeth" (KARAK; this may be a misreading for *carcarë). In early "Qenya", carcanë meant "snarling", adj. (MC:213)
carcaras, carcassë ("k") "row of spikes or teeth" (LT2:344 - Tolkien's later Quenya has carcanë [read ?carcarë], but these words, especially carcassë, may still be valid)
[carco ("k") "crow" (KARKA)] (Changed to corco.)
carma "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Cf. cassa in Etym.
Carmë ("k") "art" (UT:459)
carna *"built, made" in Vincarna "newly-made" (MR:408). Carna would seem to be the passive participle of car-, though a longer form carina (read *cárina?) is also attested (VT43:15)
carnë "red" (SA:caran, MC:214, KARÁN - spelt with a k in the two latter sources), not to be confused with the past tense of car- "do, make". Stem carni- as in Carnimírië, Carnistir.
carneambarai ("k") "red-" (Narqelion; very early "Qenya")
carnevaitë ("k") "red sky" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
carnevalinar ("k") "red-" (Narqelion; very early "Qenya")
Carnil ("k") name of a star (or planet), identified with Mars (MR:435)
Carnimírië "Red-jewelled", the rowan-tree in Quickbeam's song (LotR2:III ch. 4, SA:caran), also translated "with adornment of red jewels" (Letters:224; where the reading "carnemírie" occurs)
Carnistir "red-face", masc. name, mother-name (never used in narrative) of Morifinwë = Caranthir (PM:353)
[cáro] ("k") "doer, actor, agent" (KAR; replaced by tyaro). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the accent of the word cáro was omitted (VT45:19).
carrëa (for cas-raya) "tressure" (net for confining the hair). (VT42:12)
#carva "womb" (isolated from carvalyo "of thy womb") (VT43:31; Tolkien seems to have abandoned this form in favour of #móna, q.v.)
[cas] ("k") "top, summit" (VT45:19)
Casar ("k") "Dwarf", pl. Casari or Casári, partitive plural Casalli. Adapted from Dwarvish Khazâd. Casarrondo "Khazad-dûm", Moria (WJ:388, 389; pl. Casári also in WJ:402)
cassa ("k") "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.
Castamir masc. name, "casta[?]-jewel" (Appendix A)
cata, see ca
cauca ("k") "crooked" (LT1:257; cf. #caw-)
cauco ("k") "humpback" (LT1:257)
caurë ("k") "fear" (LT1:257)
caurëa ("k") "timid" (LT1:257)
cautáron ("k") "bent" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
*cav-, see caw-
#caw- "bow" ("k") (1st pers aorist cawin "I bow") (LT1:257; cf. cauca, cauco). In Tolkien's later Quenya, a verbal stem with w in this position does not seem to fit the general phonology well; intervocalic w would become v. We should perhaps read *cav- whereever the second consonant of the root follows a vowel, but the nasal-infixed past tense could be *canwë with the original quality of the consonant preserved. Compare such a past tense form as anwë, q.v.
cectelë ("k") "fountain" (LT1:257, LT2:338. In LotR-style Quenya use rather ehtelë.)
celma ("k") "channel" (KEL)
celu ("k") "stream" (LT1:257; rather celumë in LotR-style Quenya)
celumë ("k") "stream, flow" (KEL, LT1:257); locative pl. celumessen ("k") in Markirya (ëar-celumessen is translated "in the flowing sea", lit. *"in the sea-streams").
celusindi ("k") "a river" (LT1:257; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya - use sírë)
celussë ("k") "freshlet, water falling out swiftly from a rocky spring" (UT:426)
celvar (sg. #celva) ("k") "animals, living things that move" (Silm)
cemen (cén) ("kemen" in some sources, "cemen" in others) "earth" (VT44:34), referring to the earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens (SA:kemen); "soil, earth" (KEM, LT1:257). At one stage, Tolkien intended cemen to be the genitive of cén; later cemen became the nominative, and the status of cén is uncertain. See Kementári. Locative cemessë, cemenzë (really spelt with c rather than k in one version, but also kemenze) in the Quenya Lord's Prayer; later changed to kemendë, cemendë (VT43:17)
[cemenáro, see cemnaro]
Cemendur masc. name, *"Earth-servant" (Appendix A)
cemi "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k") "Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi surely corresponds to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)
cemnaro ("k") "potter" (TAN). First written as cemenáro (VT45:19).
cé ("k") particle indicating uncertainty, possibly like English *"maybe, perhaps" (VT42:34; **ce in Bill Welden's note is a misspelling, VT44:38). In VT42, Welden wrote that Tolkien altered ké to kwí (or kwíta, q.v.), but Welden later noted that "it does not follow that because the form was changed in another sentence it would necessarily have been corrected in the examples cited" (VT44:38). So cé/ké may still be a conceptually valid form. (The forms in kw- rather than qu- seem abnormal for Quenya, at least as far as spelling is concerned.)
cén (cem-) ("k") "soil, earth"; see cemen (KEM)
cen- ("k") "see, behold", future tense cenuva ("kenuva") "shall see" in Markirya. Also #cen = noun "sight" as the final element of some nouns (*apacen, tercen, q.v.) Compare the root KHEN-, KEN-, KYEN- "look at, see, observe, direct gaze" (VT45:21)
cenda- verb "watch" (not "guard", but observe to gain information), also used = "read". Cenda = also noun "reading", as in sanwecenda "thought-inspection, thought-reading". (VT41:5)
centa "communication, enquiry, *essay"; Ósanwë-centa ("k") "Communication of Thought", an appendix to Pengolodh's Lammas or "Account of Tongues" (VT39:23, MR:415); cf. also essecenta, q.v.
centano ("k") "potter" (TAN, VT45:19)
Cermië seventh month of the year, "July" (Appendix D)
certa "rune" (pl. certar given), adapted from Sindarin certh (a "true" or inherited Quenya form of primitive *kirtê would have been *cirtë, but this word did not occur). (WJ:396)
cildë ("k") "saw" () The phrase úri kilde hísen níe nienaite is translated "the Sun with wet eyes dropped tears of mist", literally perhaps something like *"the Sun saw (through) misty tears tearfully" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; cf. cildo)
cildo ("k") "one saw" (MC:220; this is "Qenya"; cf. cildë)
#cilmë "choosing" (isolated from Essecilmë "name-choosing", q.v.) (MR:214); also in #cilmessë pl. cilmessi ("k") "self-names", literally names of personal choice (PM:339) (cilmë + essi, hence *"choice-names").
ciluva ("k") "shall see" (MC:213, 214; this is "Qenya")
cilya "chasm", allative cilyanna ("k") "in-Chasm" (sc. "into [the] chasm") (LR:47, 56). In MR:471, cilya is defined as "cleft, gorge". Spelt kilya in Etym, there defined as "cleft, pass between hills, gorge" (KIL)
cim- "heed" (GL:39)
círa ("k") "sail", verb (apparently the continuative stem of *cir-) (Markirya)
circa ("k") "sickle" (KIRIK)
círier ("k") "clove" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
cirinci ("k"), sg. *cirincë, a species of birds, "no bigger than wrens, but all scarlet, with piping voices on the edge of human hearing" (UT:169). Seems to incorporate the diminutive ending -incë.
ciris ("k") "cleft, crack" (LT2:337 - obsoleted by cirissë?)
cirissë ("k") "slash, gash" (KIRIS; the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" occurred in deleted material, VT45:23)
*cirtë see certa
cirya ("k") "ship" (MC:213, 214, 220, 221), "(sharp-prowed) ship" (SA:kir-, where the word is misspelt círya with a long í; Christopher Tolkien probably confused it with the first element of the Sindarin name Círdan. It seems that Círyon, the name of Isildur's son, is likewise misspelt; read Ciryon as in the index and the main text of the Silmarillion. Cf. also kirya in Etym, stem KIR.) Also in Markirya. In the Plotz letter, cirya is inflected for all cases except plural possessive (*ciryaiva). Locative ciryasse "upon a ship" (MC:216). Compounded in ciryaquen "shipman, sailor" (WJ:372). Masc. names Ciryaher *"Ship-lord" (Appendix A), Ciryandil *"Ship-friend" (Appendix A), Ciryatan *"Ship-builder" (Appendix A), also Tar-Ciryatan, name of a Númenórean king, "King Shipbuilder" (SA:kir-)
ciryamo "mariner", nominative and genitive identical since the noun already ends in -o, cf. Indis i-Ciryamo "the Mariner's Wife" (UT:8)
coa ("köa") "house"; coarya "his house" (WJ:369); coacalina "light of the house" (a metaphor for the soul [fëa] dwelling inside the body [hroa]) (MR:250)
coi ("k") "life" (LT1:257; in Tolkien's later Quenya cuilë)
coimas "life-bread" = Sindarin lembas (SA:cuivië, PM:395); coimas Eldaron "the coimas of the Eldar" (PM:395)
coina ("k") "alive" (LT1:257; Tolkien's later Quenya also has cuina, though coina may still be valid.)
coirë "stirring", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days (Appendix D), but translated "the first day of Spring" in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA:cuivië). Early "Qenya" has coirë ("k") "life" (LT1:257; in Tolkien's later Quenya, the word for "life" is cuilë; however, cf. the adj. coirëa from a late source).
coirëa "living" (glossed "alive" in LT1:257), coirëa quenya "living speech" (PM:399)
coitë ("k") "living being" (LT1:257)
coiva ("k") "awake" (LT1:257 - read *cuiva in LotR-style Quenya? Cf. coivië becoming cuivië. On the other hand, the elements cui- and coi- having to do with life and awakening cannot be wholly separated.
coivië ("k") "awakening", noun (LT1:257; in LotR-style Quenya cuivië, as in Cuiviénen)
#Coivienéni "Qenya" form of Cuiviénen, the Waters of Awakening (VT14:5)
#colindo "bearer", in cormacolindor (q.v.)
colla "borne, worn" (past participle of col- "bear"); also used as a noun = "vestment, cloak" (MR:385). Variant form collo "cloak" (SA:thin(d) ) in the name Sindicollo (q.v.), sc. colla with a masculine ending.
[colma ("k") "ring (on finger)" (VT45:23). See corma.]
cólo ("k") "burden" (VT39:10)
[cópa] ("k") "harbour, bay" (KOP; changed to hópa, KHOP). Early "Qenya" likewise has cópa (also cópas) ("k") "harbour" (LT1:257).
coranar "sun-round", solar year (Appendix D; pl. coranári in PM:126)
corco ("k") "crow" (KORKA, see KARKA)
corda ("k") "temple" (LT1:257)
cordon ("k") "idol" (LT1:257)
corima ("k") "round" (LT1:257)
corin ("k") "circular enclosure" (KOR). In the early "Qenya Lexicon", this word was defined as "a circular enclosure, especially on a hill-top" (LT1:257). (Con-)alcorin ("k") *"blessed garth (in the centre)" (VT27:20, 23, 24)
#corma "ring", isolated from #cormacolindo "Ring-bearer", pl. cormacolindor (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308); Cormarë "Ringday", a festival held on Yavannië 30 in honour of Frodo (Appendix D)
cormë ("k") *"circular enclosure, garth", or possibly *mound" (VT27:20, 24, 25)
cormen ("k") literally *"a round(ed) place" = *"circular enclosure" or *"mound" (VT27:20, 24, 25)
corna ("k") "round, globed" (KOR)
cornë ("k") "loaf" (LT1:257)
[Coroloisi] ("k"), possibly an empheral name of the Elves "not of Kor" in the Blessed Realm. Tolkien changed this plural from Coroloiti (VT45:29). It is not quite clear what the intended singular is.
Corollairë ("Korollairë") see Coron Oiolairë
[Corolóra] ("k"), possibly a synonym of Ilcorin, q.v. (VT45:29)
coromindo ("k") "cupola, dome" (KOR)
coron (1) "mound" (SA); Coron Oiolairë ("Koron"), the "Mound of Eversummer" where the Two Trees grew. Also contracted Corollairë (WJ:401)
coron (2) ("k") (corn-, as in dat. sg. cornen) "globe, ball" (KOR)
Cosmoco ("k") "Gothmog" (LT2:344)
costa- ("k") "quarrel" (KOT > KOTH)
cotumo ("k") "enemy" (KOT > KOTH)
cotya ("k") "hostile" (KOT > KOTH)
cú ("k") "arch, crescent" (KU3); "crescent Moon" (LT1:271; the long vowel was denoted by a circumflex rather than an accent in the early "Qenya" lexicon)
cua, see cucua
cucua ("k") "dove" (KÛ; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, Tolkien's manuscript was misread as two distinct words **cu and **cua; see VT45:24. According to the same source, an ephemeral word for "dove" was indeed cua, but Tolkien changed it to cucua.)
cuilë ("k") "life, being alive" (KUY)
cuina ("k") "alive" (KUY)
cuivë ("k") "awakening" (noun) (KUY)
cuivëa ("k") "wakening" (adj) (KUY).
cuivië "awakening" as noun (early "Qenya" coivië, q.v.) In Cuiviénen, "Water of Awakening" (SA:cuivië, SA:nen, KUY; spelt with a k in the Etymologies). Somewhat surprisingly, cuivië is used to mean "life" in cuivie-lancasse ("k"), literally 'on the brink of life' ("of a perilous situation in which one is likely to fall into death") (VT42:8)
culda ("k") "flame-coloured, golden-red" (KUL)
culina ("k") "flame-coloured, golden-red" (KUL; cullina ("k") in VT45:24 would seem to be a variant)
+cullo ("k") "red gold" (KUL, VT45:24)
[culo, culu ("k") "gold" (substance)] (KUL; the word culu also occurred in early "Qenya" [LT1:258], but in the Etymologies it was struck out. Use malta. In another version, culo meant "flame" [VT45:24], but this is apparently also a word Tolkien abandoned.)
culucalmalínen ("k") "with golden lights" (MC:220; this is "Qenya")
culuina ("k") (1) "orange" (colour not fruit) (KUL)
[culuina ("k") (2) (misread as **culuinn in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45:24)] "of gold" (KUL; this word was struck out, and culuina became the adjective "orange" instead.)
culuma ("k") "orange" (fruit not colour) (KUL)
culumalda a kind of tree (evidently orange-tree, culuma + alda) (SA:mal-)
Culúrien another name of Laurelin; apparently derived from the stem KUL- "golden-red" (Silm; LR:365)
culuvai ("k") (Narqelion)
cúma ("k") "the Void" (KUM, (GAS) )
cumbë ("k") "mound, heap" (KUB)
cumna ("k") "empty" (KUM)
cúna ("k") 1) adjective "bent, curved", from which is derived 2) the verb cúna- "bend", occurring with a- prefix (changed by Tolkien from a na-prefix) in Markirya. Here cúna- is intransitive; we do not know whether it can also be transitive "bend".
cundo "guardian" (PM:260)
+cundu ("k") "prince" (KUNDÛ; the "+" indicating that this word is poetic or archaic was omitted in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45:24).
cúnë ("k") "crescent, bow" (LT1:271). Cf. cú.
curo (curu-) "a skillful [?device ­- Tolkien's handwriting was illegible]". (VT41:10)
curu "skill" in Curufin, Curufinwë, Curunir. (SA; possibly the same as curo, curu- above - but there was a word curu [spelt "kuru"] in Tolkien's early "Qenya", glossed "magic, wizardry" [LT1:269]).
Curufinwë (so spelt in Silm; "Kurufinwë" in PM) *"Skillful Finwë", a name of Fëanor (PM:343); also the origin of the Sindarin name Curufin; Fëanor named his favourite son after himself. Short Quenya name Curvo. (PM:352)
Curumo *"Cunning One", "Saruman" (UT:401)
curuni ("k") "witch" (of the good magic) (LT1:269)
curuvar ("k") "wizard" (LT1:269 - but Gandalf, Saruman etc. were istari)
Curvo see Curufinwë
curwë ("k") "craft" (KUR), "skill of the hand" (VT41:10), Curwë ("K") "technical skill and invention" (PM:360 cf. 344)


<D>
-dil, -ndil = Old English "-wine", sc. "-friend" in names, e.g. Elendil, Eärendil (NIL/NDIL). Also long -dildo (VT46:4)
-dur see -ndur

[LinBau]

<E>
é "indeed", particle that may be prefixed to a sentence (VT45:11). Short e in the sentence e man antaváro? "what will he give indeed?" (LR:63).
ëa ("eä") "is" (CO), in a more absolute sense ("exists", VT39:7) than the copula ná. Eä "it is" (VT39:6) or "let it be", used as a noun for "All Creation", the universe (WJ:402; Letters:284, footnote), but this term for the universe "was not held to include [souls?] and spirits" (VT39:20). One version of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer includes the words i ëa han ëa, taken to mean "who is beyond Eä" (VT43:14). The past tense of ëa is engë (VT43:38). Early "Qenya" also has a word ëa "eagle" (LT1:251, LT2:338), but this is certainly obsoleted by soron, sornë in Tolkien's later forms of Quenya.
ëala "being, spirit" (pl. ëalar is attested), spirits whose natural state it is to exist without a physical body, like Balrogs (MR:165)
ëar "sea" (AYAR/AIR [gives also dat. sg. ëaren], WJ:413; see Letters:386 for etymology), pl. ëari "seas" (FS, LR:47); Eär "the Great Sea", ablative Eärello "from the Great Sea", et Eärello "out of the Great Sea" (EO). Eärë "the open sea" (SD:305). Compound ëaruilë "seaweed" (UY). Found in names like Eärendil "Sea-friend", Eärrámë "Sea-wing" (SA), Eärendur masc. name, *"Sea-servant"; in effect a variant of Eärendil (Appendix A). Eärendur was also used ="(professional) mariner" (Letters:386). Fem. name Eärwen "Sea-maiden" (Silm); Eärrámë "Sea-wing", "Wings of the Sea", name of Tuor's ship (RAM, AYAR/AIR)
ëaren "eagle" or "eyrie" (LT1:251; this early "Qenya" word is certainly no more valid than ëa "eagle" in LotR-style Quenya.)
Eärendilyon "son of Eärendel" ("used of any mariner") (LT1:251)
Eärnil masc. name, contraction of Eärendil (Appendix A)
Eärnur masc.name, contraction of Eärendur (Appendix A)
eccaira ("k") "remote, far" (adj.) (KHAYA)
ecco ("k") "spine". (In the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry EK/EKTE, the gloss is given as "spear", but according to VT45:12 this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript.)
#eccoita- "awake" (VT27:10)
ecet ("k") "short broad-bladed sword" (UT:284)
ectelë ("k") "fountain", also cectelë ("k") (LT1:257, LT2:338; in LotR-style Quenya ehtelë)
#ecya "sharp" in Ecyanáro ("k") "Sharp Flame", masc. name, Sindarin Aegnor (VT41:14, 19). The Quenya form of Aegnor is elsewhere given as Aicanáro instead.
#effírië "death" (isolated from effíriemmo). A verbal stem *effir- "expire, die" seems to be implied. (VT43:34)
[ehtar] "spearman" (EK/EKTE, VT45:12)]
ehtë (stem *ehti-, given the primitive form ekti) "spear" (EK/EKTE)
ehtelë "issue of water, spring" (SA:kel-, KEL, ET)
ehtyar "spearman" (EK/EKTE). According to VT45:12, Tolkien at one point also meant ehtyar to be the name of Tengwa #15 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value hty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value **ncy (since #15 is there assigned the value nc in Quenya), but since **ncy is not a possible Quenya combination, a palatal variant of #15 would not occur in the classical Quenya mode.
Ekkaia name of the outer ocean: for *et-gaya? (Silm)
†él "star", pl. éli given (WJ:362, EL)
ela! "behold!" (directing sight to an actually visible object) (WJ:362)
elda 1. adj. "of the stars", 2. noun (Elda) = one of the people of the Stars, high-elf (SA:êl, elen, ELED, ÉLED; notice that Tolkien abandoned a former etymology with "depart"), chiefly in the pl Eldar (WJ:362, cf. GAT(H), TELES). Gen. pl. Eldaron (WJ:368, PM:395, 402); dative pl. eldain "for elves", for Eldar (FS); possessive sg. Eldava "Elf's" (WJ:407); possessive pl. Eldaiva (WJ:368), Eldaivë governing a plural word (WJ:369). The word Eldar properly refers to the non-Avari Elves only, but since Eldar rarely had any contact with the Avari, it could be used for "elves" in general (in LT1:251, Elda is simply glossed "Elf"). See also Eldo.
Eldacan ("k") (masc. name) "Ælfnoth", Elf-bold (KAN)
Eldacar masc. name, *"Elf-head" (Appendix A)
Elda-lambë "the language of the Eldar" (WJ:368)
Eldalië "the Elven-folk" (often used vaguely to mean all the race of Elves, though it properly did not include the Avari) (WJ:374, ÉLED; possessive Eldaliéva in the name Mindon Eldaliéva, q.v.)
Eldamar "Elvenhome" (ÉLED; found already in Narqelion), according to MR:176 another name of Tirion (see tir-).
#Eldameldo pl. Eldameldor "Elf-lovers" (WJ:412)
Eldandil (pl. Eldandili in WJ:412) "Elf-friend" (by the Edain confused with Elendil, properly "Star-friend") (WJ:410)
Eldanor "Elvenland", regions of Valinor where the Elves dwelt and the stars could be seen (MR:176)
Eldarin adjective derived from Elda: "Eldarin, Elvish" (Silm, ÉLED)
Eldarissa, Eldaquet ("q") apparently other names of Qenya (LT2:348)
Eldo archaic variant of Elda, properly one of the "Marchers" from Cuiviénen, but the word went out of use (WJ:363, 374)
élë "flashing of [?starry] light" (VT45:12; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible)
Elemmírë *"Star-jewel" (elen + míre, notice assimilation nm > mm), name of a star/planet (possibly Mercury, MR:435, where the spelling used is Elemmirë); also name of an Elf. (SA:mîr)
elen "star" (SA:êl, elen, EL); pl. eleni (occasionally in verse: eldi) (WJ:362); gen. pl. elenion in the phrase Elenion Ancalima "brightest of stars" (LotR2:IV ch. 9; see Letters:385 for translation); allative elenna "starwards" used as name of Númenor (Silm; see Elenna); ablative pl. elenillor "from stars" in Markirya.
elena adj. "of the stars" (SA:êl, elen); also elenya
Elenarda "Star-kingdom", upper sky (3AR). Deleted material in the Etymologies defined elenarda as "star-realm", "upper air or sky" (VT45:16). Compare elen, (h)arda.
Elendë "Elvenhome", regions of Valinor where the Elves dwelt and the stars could be seen (MR:176, ÉLED). Plural ablative elendellor in the phrase et elendellor, evidently *"out of the elf-lands" (VT45:13).
Elendil masc. name "Star-friend", "Lover or student of stars", applied to those devoted to astronomical lore. However, when the Edain used this name they intended it to mean "Elf-friend", confusing elen "star" and elda "elf" (WJ:410). (This idea that the name was misapplied seems to be late; Tolken earlier interpreted the name as an ancient compound Eled + ndil so that the meaning really was "Elf-friend"; see Letters:386. See also NIL/NDIL in the Etymologies, where Elendil is equated with "Ælfwine", Elf-friend.) Allative Elendilenna "to Elendil" (PM:401); Elendil Vorondo genitive of Elendil Voronda "Elendil the Steadfast" (CO) Pl. Elendili the Númenórean Elf-friends (Silm); the variant Elendilli in SD:403 would seem to presuppose a stem-form Elendill- not attested elsewhere.
Elendur masc. name, *"Star-servant", probably intended to mean *"Elf-servant"; in effect a variant of Elendil (Appendix A)
Elenna "Starwards", a name of Númenor: Elenna-nórë *"Starwards-land", "the land named Starwards", genitive Elenna-nórëo in CO.
Elentári "Star-queen", title of Varda (EL, SA:tar)
Elenwë *"Star-person", fem. name (Silm)
elenya *"stellar" (only defined as an adjective referring to stars by Tolkien) (WJ:362). Cf. Elenya, name of the first day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the stars (Appendix D).
Elerína "star-crowned", a name of Taniquetil (EL, RIG), spelt Elerrína in Silm
Elerossë masc. name, "star foam", starlit foam, Sindarin Elros (PM:348)
Elerrína "Crowned with Stars" (elen + rína), a name of Taniquetil (Silm); spelt Elerína in the Etymologies (EL, RIG).
Elessar "Elf-stone" (Elen + sar, actually *"Star-stone", cf. Elendil concerning elen "star" being used to mean "Elf") (LotR3:V ch. 8). Elessar may also be seen as a pun or variant of Elesser "Elf-friend".
Elesser (masc. name = Old English Ælfwine, Elf-friend) (SER)
Ellairë alternative name of June (PM:135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an element meaning one or first, June being the first summer month.
ellë "came", pl. eller with a plural subject (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
-ello ablative ending (VT45:28); see -llo
[ello] "call, shout of triumph" (GYEL (< GEL) )
*elmë, see emmë
Elpino "Christ", Tolkien's attempt to render this title into Quenya; the intended etymology of the Quenya word is uncertain (VT44:15-16; Tolkien apparently dropped this form and replaced it with a phonological adaptation of "Christ": Hristo or Hrísto.)
elvëa "starlike, like stars", pl. elvië in Markirya
Elwë masc. name, *"Star-person" (PM:340, WJ:369, WEG, VT45:12). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, Elwë was also the name of a Tengwa similar to Roman c, which in a full-vowel mode denoted a (short) e. (VT45:17; in the Sindarin "Mode of Beleriand", exemplified in the LotR itself, this letter has the value a instead. Elsewhere in the Etymologies itself, this symbol is called Ossë (q.v.) and is assigned the value o.)
elwen "heart" (LT1:255; rather hón or enda in LotR-style Quenya)
elyë "even thou", emphatic 2. person sg. pronoun (Nam, RGEO:67, VT43:26, 27, 28, 30)
emerwen "shepherdess" (UT:209, 434)
emmë "we", emphatic pronoun; dative emmen (VT43:12, 20). In the source this pronoun is intended as the 1st person plural inclusive; later Tolkien changed the corresponding pronominal ending from -mmë to -lmë, and the emphatic pronoun would likewise change from emmë to *elmë.
*empanya- "plant" (deduced from the "Qenya" pl. past tense empannen, VT27:20-22)
en (1) "there, look! yonder" (EN)
en (2) particle that may be inserted before a past tense form to indicate that it refers to a remote past (VT45:12), apparently twice attested in Fíriel's Song (LR:72), e.g. en cárë ("k") "made" (long ago).
en- (3) prefix "re-, again-", in enquantuva "shall refill", entuluva, "shall come again", Envinyatar "Renewer", envinyanta "healed, *renewed", enyalië "to recall" (Nam, RGEO:67, LotR3:V ch. 8, VT41:16, MR:405, UT:317)
enda "heart", but not referring to the physical organ; it literally means "centre" (cf. endë) and refers to the fëa (soul) or sáma (mind) itself. (VT39:32)
Endamar "Middle-earth" (EN, MBAR, NDOR). However, Middle-earth is normally called Endor, Endórë.
endë "core, centre, middle" (NÉD, EN)
#endëa adj. "middle" in atendëa, q.v.
Ender (surname of Tulkas) (NDER, TULUK, VT45:11)
enderi "middle-days", (sg. *enderë) in the calendar of Imladris three days inserted between the months (or seasons) yávië and quellë (Appendix D)
Endien alternative term for "autumn" (PM:135). In the Etymologies, the word Endien is assigned a quite different meaning: "Midyear, Midyear week", in the calendar of Valinor a week outside the months, between the sixth and seventh months, dedicated to the Trees; also called Aldalemnar (YEN, LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK)
Endor "Middle-earth" (SA:dôr, NDOR), "centre of the world" (EN); also long form Endórë "Middle-earth" (Appendix E); allative Endorenna "to Middle-earth" in EO.
endya > enya "middle" (adj.) (ÉNED)
enga "save" (= except) (FS)
engë "was", "existed", past tense of ëa, q.v. (VT43:38)
engwa "sickly"; nominal pl. Engwar "the Sickly", Elvish name of Mortal Men (Silm, GENG-WÂ)
engwë "thing" (VT39:7)
[enna "first" (VT45:12)]
enquantuva "shall refill" (Nam); see en-, quat-
enquë ("q") "six" (ÉNEK); enquëa ordinal "sixth" (VT42:25)
enquië Eldarin six-day week, pl. enquier (Appendix D)
enta demonstrative "that yonder" (EN). Since Sindarin ennas "there" in the King's Letter (SD:128-129) is probably meant to descend from *entassë, i.e. the locative form "in yonder [place]", *entassë may possibly be used for "there" in Quenya as well.
entë "center" (VT41:16; endë is perhaps to be preferred, see entya)
Entar "Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East" (seen from Aman) (EN)
Entarda "Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East" (seen from Aman) (EN, VT45:12)
entya, enetya adj. "central, middle" (VT41:16; these forms, as well as the noun entë "centre", come from a late, somewhat confused source; the adjective #endëa and the noun endë from earlier material may fit the general system better, and #endëa is even found in LotR itself)
ento "next" (Arct)
entulessë "return" (noun) (UT:171)
Enu "the Almighty Creator who dwells without the world" (LT2:343 - in Tolkien's later Quenya, this divine name appears as Eru instead)
Envinyatar "the Renewer" (LotR3:V ch. 8)
envinyanta passive participle "healed" (MR:405), pointing to a verbal stem #envinyata- "heal", literally "renew"; cf. Aragorn's title Envinyatar "the Renewer" (LotR3:V ch. 8).
enwina "old" (Markirya)
enya < endya "middle" (adj.) (EN)
enyalië "to recall", "to commemorate", with infinitival ending -ië; dative enyalien "for the re-calling", "[in order] to recall" in CO.
enyárë "in that day" (pointing to the future) (FS)
Eönwë name of a Maia, evidently adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:417)
epë preposition "before", erroneously glossed "after" (VT42:32; Bill Welden, the writer of the article in question, later presented this correction in VT44:38). However, epë does seem to have meant "after" in another conceptual phase; cf. epessë below. Epë "before" may also be used in comparison, apparently in much the same way as lá #2 (q.v.) (VT42:32)
epessë "after-name", nickname, mostly given as a title of admiration or honour (PM:339, UT:266). Cf. essë "name" and epë above.
equë "say/says" or "said" (a tenseless pseudo-verb used to introduce quotations or a "that"-construction); with affixes equen "said I", eques "said he/she" (WJ:392, 415)
eques (equess-, as in pl. equessi) "a saying, dictum, a quotation from someone's uttered words, a current or proverbial dictum" (WJ:392); I Equessi Rúmilo "the Sayings of Rúmil" (WJ:398)
er "one, alone" (ERE); "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)
#er- "remain", verb (LT1:269; given in the form erin and glossed "remains"; erin would have to mean "I remain" in Tolkien's later Quenya, if this word is to be adapted.)
erca ("k") "prickle, spine"; erca- ("k") "to prick" (ERÉK)
ercassë ("k") "holly" (ERÉK)
Ercoirë alternative name of February (PM:135)
erda "solitary, deserted" (LT1:269)
erdë (1) "seed, germ" (ERÉD, VT45:12), (2) erdë "singularity", the person as a whole (MR:216), (3) "repose" (marked by Tolkien with an "X", perhaps indicating that he considered dropping this form to eliminate homophones) (VT46:12)
erë, eren "iron" or "steel"; Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband) (LT1:252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for "steel". See also yaisa.)
erëa "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)
Eremandu "Hells of Iron", a name of Angband (LT1:249)
eressë "solitude", adj. eressëa "lonely" (ERE, LT1:269). Eressëa "Lonely (One)", often used by itself for Tol Eressëa, the Lonely Isle (Silm). In early "Qenya", eressë was an adjective or adverb: "singly, only, alone" (LT1:269), but in Tolkien's later Quenya it is a noun.
erinqua "single, alone" (VT42:10)
Erintion second half of the month of avestalis (January) (LT1:252)
erma "physical matter" (MR:338, 470)
Erquellë alternative name of September (PM:135)
Errívë alternative name of November (PM:135)
Ertuilë alternative name of April (PM:135)
Eru "the One", God (VT43:32, VT44:16-17), "the One God" (Letters:387), a name reserved for the most solemn occasions (WJ:402), genitive Eruo (MR:329, VT43:28/32), dative Erun (VT44:32, 34). The adjectival form Eruva "divine" (Eruva lissëo "of divine grace", VT44:18) would be identical to the form appearing in the possessive case. Compounds: Eruhantalë "Thanksgiving to Eru", a Númenórean festival (UT:166, 436), Eruhin pl. Eruhíni "Children of Eru", Elves and Men (WJ:403; SA:híni), Eruion *"son of God" (or "God the Son"?) (VT44:16), Erukyermë "Prayer to Eru", a Númenórean festival (UT:166, 436), Erulaitalë "Praise of Eru", a Númenórean festival (UT:166, 436), Eruamillë "Mother of God" (in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, VT43:32, see also VT44:7), Eruontari, Eruontarië other translations of "Mother (Begetter) of God" (VT44:7, 18), Erusén "the children of God" (RGEO:74; this is a weird form with no plural ending. The normal form seems to be Eruhíni.) #Eruanna and #erulissë, various terms for "grace", literally "God-gift" and "God-sweetness", respectively (VT43:29; these words are attested in the genitive and instrumental case, respectively: Eruanno, erulissenen).
Eruman is a word to which various meanings are ascribed, but it always denotes some region. In the earliest phases of Tolkien's mythology, it was a region south of Taniquetil (LT1:91, 252-253). In the Etymologies, entry ERE, Eruman is a "desert north-east of Valinor". In the final version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, where the locative form Erumandë appears, Tolkien appears to have moved Eruman out of this world entirely, making it the abode of God (Eru); Erumandë translates "in heaven".
erumë "desert" (ERE)
erúmëa "outer, outermost" (LT1:262)
Eruva, see Eru
erya "single, sole" (ERE)
es unidentified word in the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290); possibly an assimilated form of en, that may function as a kind of deitic particle here: *"Behold the Eagles..."
[escë] ("k") "rustle, noise of leaves" (EZGE)
essë (1) "name", also later name of Tengwa #31, originally (MET) called árë (ázë). (Appendix E). Pl. #essi in PM:339 and MR:470, gen.pl. #esseron "of names in the compound Nómesseron (q.v.); we would rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. essi; perhaps #esser is a valid alternative plural form. Essecarmë "name-making" (MR:214, 470), Eldarin ceremony where the father announces the name of his child. Essecenta (-"kenta") *"Name-essay" (see centa) (MR:415) Essecilmë "name-choosing", an Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or herself according to personal lámatyávë (q.v.) (MR:214, 471); esselya "thy name" (VT43:14). - The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essë in the Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" (VT45:12).
essë (2) "beginning" (ESE/ESET). This entry was marked by a query in Etym, and a word in the appendices to LotR suggests that it was emended to *YESE/YESET; we should therefore read *yessë for essë.
essëa ?"primary" (gloss not certainly legible); read probably *yessëa in LotR-style Quenya; see esta below (ESE/ESET). The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essëa in the Etymologies was "in place, local" (VT45:12).
[Esselda], deleted form which Tolkien never clearly glossed: *"first-elf"? Or an old comparative (in -lda) denoting something like "elder"? The word occurs in a context where Tolkien is considering terms for the Elves as the "Firstborn", aka "Elder Kindred" (VT45:12, cf. ESE-, ESET-)
esta "first" (ESE/ESET); this entry was marked with a query. The word Yestarë (q.v.) *"Firstday" in LotR suggests that we should read *yesta for esta and also prefix a y to the other words derived from ESE/ESET (essë > *yessë, essëa > *yessëa). Estanossë "the firstborn", read likewise *Yestanossë (*Yestanessi?) - but in a later text, Tolkien used Minnónar (q.v.) for "the Firstborn" as a name of the Elves, and this form is to be preferred. (In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word Estanossë is cited as "Estanesse", but according to VT45:12, the second-to-last vowel is actually o in Tolkien's manuscript.)
esta- "to name" (ES, VT45:12). In an earlier form of the relevant entry in the Etymologies, Tolkien let esta- mean "to place, set, plant" (VT45:12); a deleted entry SET also had esta- "precede" (VT46:13)
Estë "Repose, Rest" (WJ:403, EZDÊ, SED), only used as name of a Valië (WJ:404)
estel "trust, hope" (WJ:318-319, MR:320)
et "out" (+ ablative: "out of" [VT45:13] or literally "out from", as in EO: et Eärello "out of the Great Sea"; cf. also et sillumello "from this hour" in VT44:35). Prefix et- "forth, out" (ET), also in longer form ete- (as in etelehta, eteminya); verb ettuler *"are coming forth" (ettul- = et + tul-). (SD:290; read probably *ettulir or continuative *ettúlar in Tolkien's later Quenya). The forms etemmë and etengwë (VT43:36) seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"out of us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual instead (see -mmë). Second person forms are also given: etelyë, etellë ?"out of you", sg. and pl. respectively.
etelehta- "deliver" (= "save") (VT43:23)
etelyë, see et
etellë, see et
eteminya "prominent" (VT42:24)
etemmë, see et
etengwë, see et
eterúna- (also etrúna-, though the cluster tr seems unusual in Quenya) "deliver" (= "save"). Tolkien may have abandoned this verb in favour of etelehta-, q.v. (VT43:23; VT44:9), but the root also appears in #runando "redeemer", so maybe eterúna- can stay with the meaning "redeem".
etsë "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)
etsir "mouth of a river" (ET)
ettë "outside" (ET)
ettelë "outer lands, foreign parts" (ET, VT45:13)
ettelëa "foreign". (In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the gloss is presented as an uncertain reading and the Quenya word is given as ettelen. According to VT45:13, the gloss "foreign" is certain and the Quenya word may also be read as ettelëa, which normal Quenya morphology would also suggest to be the correct reading of Tolkien's manuscript.)
Etyangoldi ("ñ") "Exiled Noldor" (WJ:374). Sg. probably *Etyangol (with stem *Etyangold-).
ezel, ezella "green" (in Vanyarin Quenya only). Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)
Ezellohar "the Green Mound" where the Two Trees grew; adopted and adapted from Valarin; also translated as Coron Oiolairë, Corollairë (WJ:401). The name must have become *Erellohar in Exilic (Noldorin) Quenya.

[LinBau]

<F>
faica ("k") "contemptible, mean" (SPAY)
faila "fair-minded, just, generous" (PM:352)
faina- "emit light" (PHAY)
fainu- "release" (LT1:250)
fairë (1) "phantom, disembodied spirit, when seen as a pale shape" (pl. fairi in Markirya); fairë was also used = "spirit (in general)" (MR:349); in VT43:37 and VT44:17 fairë refers to the Holy Spirit (fairë aista, airefëa or Aina Fairë)
fairë (2) "natural death" (as act) (PHIR)
fairë (3) "radiance" (PHAY)
fairë (4) "free" (LT1:250) (use rather léra, lerina or mirima in LotR-style Quenya)
fairië "freedom" (LT1:250; since this is an abstract formation based on fairë "free", a meaning only ascribed to this word in early "Qenya" whereas fairë has a string of other meanings in Tolkien's later Quenya, the conceptual validity of fairië "freedom" may be questioned).
Falanyel (Falanyeld-, as in pl. Falanyeldi) (in the pl.) a name of the Teleri (PHAL/PHÁLAS)
falas (falass-), falassë "shore, beach" (LT1:253, LT2:339); falassë "shore, line of surf" (SA:falas), "shore - especially one exposed to great waves and breakers" (VT42:15), "beach" (PHAL/PHÁLAS); Falassë Númëa "Western Surf" (LT1:253)
falasta- "to foam", participle falastala "foaming, surging" in Markirya
falastanë "surging", falastanéro "was loud with surf" (MC:213, 220; this is "Qenya" - the participle "surging" is falastala in Tolkien's later Quenya)
Falastur masc. name, *"Shore-lord" (Appendix A)
fallë "foam" (PHAL/PHÁLAS)
falma "(crested/foaming) wave" (PHAL/PHÁLAS), "a wave-crest, wave" (VT42:15); partitive pl. allative falmalinnar "on the foaming waves" in Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67). In Falmari, a name of the Teleri, and Mar-nu-Falmar, "Home/Land under Waves", a name of Númenor after the Downfall. (SA:falas) Falmari "wave-folk", a name of the Teleri (PM:386). -In earlier "Qenya", falma was glossed "foam" (LT1:253, cf. MC:213). Compare also the early "Qenya" words falmar "wave as it breaks" (LT1:253), pl. falmari "waves" (MC:216)
falmar, falmarin (falmarind- or simply falmarin- as in pl. falmarindi [or falmarini]) "sea-spirit, nymph" (PHAL/PHÁLAS)
falqua ("q") "cleft, mountain pass, ravine" (LT2:341)
falquan ("q") "large sword" (LT2:341)
fána, fánë (1) "white" (Markirya - fánë as a sg. form in may be a misreading), (2) fána "cloud" (SPAN, VT46:15). Cf. fana the "veils" or "raiment" in which the Valar presented themselves to physical eyes, the bodies in which they were self-incarnated, usually in the shape of the bodies of Elves (and Men) (RGEO:74)
fanga "beard" (SPÁNAG)
fangë "long beard" (GL:34)
fanta- "to veil, cloak, mantle"
Fantur "lord of cloud", surname of Mandos (SPAN, TUR)
fanya "(white) cloud" (translated "sky" in FS); pl. fanyar in Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67). According to VT46:15, fanya was originally given as an adjective "white" in the Etymologies; the printed version in LR wrongly implies that fanya and fána both mean "cloud", whereas actually the first was at this stage meant to be an adjective "white" whereas fána is both noun "cloud" and adj. "white". However, Namárië and later emendations to the entry SPAN in Etym indicate that Tolkien would later think of fanya as a noun "cloud", perhaps giving it the same double meaning as fána: "cloud" as well as "white".
Fanyamar "upper air" (SPAN), literally *"Cloudland"
fanyarë "the skies" (not heaven or firmament - the upper airs and clouds). Note that despite its English gloss, fanyarë is a singular word and therefore takes a singular adjective/participle, as in fanyarë rúcina "ruined skies" in Markirya (see MC:220, note 8 for this translation)
fára "beach, shore" (VT46:15)
fárë "sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted" (also farmë) (PHAR)
faren, adverb "enough" (VT46:9)
fárëa "enough" (presumably adjective, whereas the adverb is faren); ufárëa "not enough" (FS). Etym has farëa "enough, sufficient" (PHAR)
farinyë, a pa.t. of farya-, q.v.
farma ?"carpet" (reading of gloss very uncertain; another gloss occurring in the manuscript cannot be certainly interpreted, though the editors suggest "string" or "stray") (VT46:15)
farmë "sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted" (also fárë) (VT46:9)
farnë (1) "foliage", archaic faznë (VT46:9). Not to be confused with farnë as the pa.t. of the verb farya-, q.v.
#farnë (2) "dwelling", in orofarnë
farya- pa.t. farnë "suffice" (PHAR). An additional pa.t. form, farinyë, was published in VT46:9; this is a most unusual formation.
fas, fatsë "tassel" (GL:34)
fásë "gap, gulf" (GL:36)
fassë "tangled hair, shaggy lock" (PHAS)
fasta- "tangle" (PHAS)
fatanyu "hell" (GL:51)
fatsë, fas "tassel" (GL:34)
fauca ("k") "thirsty" (PHAU; original glosses "thirsty, parched; lit. open-mouthed", VT46:9)
fauta- "to snow" (actually glossed fauta = "it snows") (GL:35)
fáwë "snow" (GL:35)
Fayanáro archaic form of Fëanáro (PM:343)
faznë, archaic form of farnë, q.v.
fëa "spirit" (pl. fëar attested, MR:363). The Incarnates are said to live by necessary union of hroa (body) and fëa (WJ:405). In Airëfëa "the Holy Spirit", Fëanor (Quenya-Sindarin hybrid for pure Quenya Fëanáro "Spirit of Fire"), Fëanturi "Masters of Spirits", name of the two Valar Mandos and Lórien (SA:tur), fëafelmë "spirit-impulse" (impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate) (VT41:19 cf. 13, VT43:37)
fëalócë ("k") "spark-dragon" (LOK)
Fëanáro "Spirit of Fire", Fëanor (SA:nár, PHAY). The word apparently includes the masculine ending -o.
felya "cave" (PHÉLEG)
felmë "impulse, emotion" (VT41:19; this suggests a verb #fel- "to feel"). Compounded in fëafelmë, hroafelmë.
fenda "threshold" (PHEN)
fen (feng-) "reed" (QL:38, stem feng- also in GL:34).
fenumë "dragon" (LT2:341 - but lócë is the normal word in LotR-style Quenya)
feren (stem fern-, as in pl. ferni) "beech, beech-tree". Also fernë. (BERÉTH, PHER/PHÉREN)
ferinya "beechen" (PHER/PHÉREN)
ferna "mast, beechnuts" (PHER/PHÉREN)
fernë "beech-tree" (pl. ferni given). Also feren. (PHER/PHÉREN)
feuya- "feel disgust at, abhor" (PHEW, VT46:9)
fifíru- is evidently the frequentative (see sisíla-) form of fir-; according to MC:223 it means "slowly fade away"; participle fifírula in Markirya (translated "fading")
filit (filic- ("k"), as in pl. filici) "small bird" (PHILIK)
finda "having hair, -haired" (the gloss "-haired" evidently means that finda may be used in compounds, like *carnifinda "red-haired") (PM:340)
Findaráto *"Hair-champion", Sindarized as Finrod (SA:ar(a) )
findë (1) "hair" (especially of the head) (PM:340), "a tress or plait of hair" (PM:345), "tress, braid of hair, lock of hair" (SPIN)
findë (2) "cunning" (prob. noun) (LT1:253; this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by # 1 above)
Findecáno ("-káno") *"Hair-commander"; Sindarized as Fingon (PM:344)
findessë "a head of hair, a person's hair as a whole" (PM:345)
findl "lock of hair, tress" (but findil elsewhere - in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -dl). (LT2:341)
finë (stem *fini-, given the primitive form phini) "a hair" (PM:340) or "larch" (SPIN)
finië "cunning" (prob. noun) (LT1:253)
finwa "sagacious" (LT1:253)
Finwë masc. name, apparently displaying the frequent ending -wë suffixed to a stem normally having to do with hair, but the name is obscure (see Tolkien's discussion in PM:340-341). Also in Etym (PHIN, WEG). According to VT46:9, Finwë was also the name of tengwa #10 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #10 formen instead.
fion (fiond- or simply fion-, as in pl. fiondi or fioni) ?"hawk" (reading of gloss uncertain; according to Christopher Tolkien the most natural interpretation would be "haste", but this word would have no plural form) (PHI, VT46:9)
Fionwë (name of a Maia; also called Eönwë) (PHI, (WEG) )
fir- "die, fade" (cf. fifíru-); aorist (?) fírë "expire"; augmentless perfect fírië, translated "she has breathed forth" (but no explicit element meaning "she" seems to be present) (MR:250, 470, VT43:34)
firië "dying, death" (gerund of fir-) (VT43:34)
firë pl. firi "mortal man" (PHIR) ("Firi" is not clearly glossed and may also be the archaic form from which firë is derived, since word-final short *i became e in Quenya - but since we would rather expect the spelling *phiri if it were an archaic form, it is best taken as the pl. of firë.)
Fíriel "She that sighed" or "She that died", later name of Míriel (MR:250)
fírima "mortal" (PHIR; firima with a short i in VT46:4); Fírima pl. Fírimar "those apt to die", "mortals", an Elvish name of Mortal Men (WJ:387); fírimoin "for men", a dative pl. of Fírimor, "mortals, Men", occurring in Fíriel's Song (cf. also the pl. allative fírimonnar in VT44:35). Tolkien later changed Fírimor to Fírimar, so the pl. dative would probably be *fírimain (and the pl. allative fírimannar) in Tolkien's later Quenya.
firin "dead" (by natural cause) (PHIR). This may obsolete the earlier "Qenya" word firin "ray of the sun" (LT2:341)
firinga "carcanet, necklace" (LT2:346, GL:36)
Firya pl. Firyar "Mortals", an Elvish name of Mortal Men (WJ:387). Etym has firya "human", literally *"mortal" (PHIR)
Firyanor = Hildórien, the place where mortal men first awoke, like the Elves did at Cuiviénen (PHIR)
foa "hoard, treasure" (LT2:340)
foalócë ("k") "name of a serpent that guarded a treasure" (LT2:340)
foina "hidden" (LT2:340)
fólë "secrecy, a secret" (LT2:340; "Qenya" spelling fôlë)
fólima "secretive" (LT2:340; "Qenya" spelling fôlima)
formaitë "righthanded, dexterous" (PHOR)
Formen "north" (SA:men), also name of tengwa #10 (Appendix E, PHOR, MEN; replacing the rejected form Tormen). In Formenos "Northern Fortress" (SA:formen).
formenya "northern" (PHOR)
Forostar the "Northlands" of Númenor (UT:165)
fortë (stem *forti- given the primitive form phoroti) "northern" (PHOR)
forya "right" (PHOR), "dexter" (VT46:10)
Fui "Night" (PHUY) - variant Hui, which form is probably to be preferred in light of Tolkien's later insight that the related word fuinë (see below) is actually Telerin, the proper Quenya form being huinë.
fuinë "deep shadow" (PHUY; cf. "Qenya" fuin "night" in MC:221). According to VT41:8, fuinë is not a Quenya form at all, but Telerin for Quenya huinë (but unquestionably, fuinë is quoted as a Quenya form in certain earlier sources; cf. also Fuinur below - perhaps we may assume that fuinë was borrowed into Quenya from Telerin and thus came to co-exist with huinë?
Fuinur (misprint "Fuinar" in the Silmarillion Index) masc. name, evidently derived from fuinë "shadow" (Silm; cf. the stem PHUY in the Etymologies)
fúmë "sleep" (noun) (LT1:253)
fúmella "poppy" (also fúmellot) (LT1:253)
fúmellot "poppy" (also fúmella) (LT1:253)
fur- "to conceal, to lie" (LT2:340) Read perhaps *hur- in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.
furin "hidden, concealed" (also hurin) (LT2:340)
furu "a lie" (LT2:340, GL:36) Read perhaps *hur- in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

<H>
haca- "squat" (GL:47)
hácala ("k") "yawning", a participle occurring in the Markirya poem, derived from an (otherwise unattested) verb #hac- "yawn".
hacca "buttocks, hams" (GL:47)
hahta "pile, mound" (KHAG)
haimë "habit" (KHIM)
haira "remote, far" (adj.) (KHAYA)
haiya "far" (SD:247). Also háya.
hala "(small) fish" (KHAL1, SKAL2, VT45:20)
halatir (halatirn-, as in dat.sg. halatirnen), also halatirno, "kingsfisher", etymologically "fish-watcher" (TIR, SKAL2, KHAL1)
halcin ("k") "frozen" (LT1:254)
halda "veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady" (opposed to helda "stripped bare") (SKAL1, VT46:13)
halla (1) "tall" (Appendix E, footnote)
[halla (2) "naked" (VT46:14), changed by Tolkien to helda]
[halma], see helma
haloisi "the sea (in storm)", cf. haloitë (LT1:254)
haloitë "leaping" (LT1:254)
halta- "to leap" (LT1:254)
halya- "veil, conceal, screen from light" (SKAL1, VT46:13)
ham- (1) "sit" (KHAM)
#ham- (2) "judge", attested in the aorist form hamil "you judge". (VT42:33; notice the ending -l "you". See nemë. The verb #ham- with the meaning "judge" may seem to be an ephemeral form in Tolkien's conception.)
hamma "chair" (VT45:20)
han "beyond", preposition (compare the postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)
hanaco ("k") "giant" (VT45:21)
handa (1) adj. "understanding, intelligent" (KHAN)
[?handa] (2) "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).
handassë "intelligence" (KHAN)
handë "knowledge, understanding, intelligence" (KHAN). Note: *handë is (probably) also the past tense of the verb har- "sit".
handelë "intellect" (another gloss, "intelligence", Tolkien transferred to handassë) (KHAN, VT45:21)
[hando] "agent" (male; fem. [yendi]) (VT45:16)
hantalë "thanksgiving", isolated from Eruhantalë (UT:166; see also VT43:14). A verbal stem #hanta- "thank, give thanks" may be isolated from this word.
hantë pa.t. of hat- "break asunder" (SKAT)
hanu "a male (of Men or Elves), male animal, man" (3AN, VT45:16)
hanuvoitë ?"male" (prob. adj.) (INI)
hanwa "male" (INI)
hanya- "understand, know about, be skilled in dealing with" (KHAN, VT45:21)
har, harë "near" (LT1:253)
har- "sit", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored it. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.
haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) "king, chieftain" (3AR, TÂ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)
haranyë last year of a century in the Númenórean calendar (or possibly the word for "century" itself; Tolkien's wording is unclear) (Appendix D)
harda "realm, region" (VT45:12, 16, 17; the word also occurs, unglossed, in the entry EN in the Etymologies). Changed to arda later?
harma (1) "treasure, a treasured thing" (3AR), also name of tengwa #11, later called aha (Appendix E).
[harma (2) "wolf" (3ARAM). The gloss "hound" was inserted, but then deleted (VT45:17)]
[Harmen] "south" (MEN) (Changed to hyarmen.)
harna (1) "wounded"; harna- "to wound" (SKAR)
harna (2) "helmet" (VT45:21)
harpa "helmet" (VT45:21)
harwë (1) "wound" (SKAR), (2) "treasure, treasury" (3AR) (Use rather harma for "treasure".)
harya- "possess" (3AR)
haryon "(heir), prince" (3AR)
#hasta- "mar" (verbal stem isolated from the passive participle hastaina "marred"). (MR:254)
hat- "break asunder", pa.t. hantë (SKAT)
hauta- "cease, take a rest, stop" (KHAW)
háya "far off, far away" (adj.) (KHAYA). Also haiya.
heca! ("k") "be gone! stand aside!", also with pronominal suffixes hecat sg. and hecal pl. (WJ:364)
Hecel ("k") (Heceld-, e.g. pl. Heceldi, WJ:371) = hecil, q.v., but reformed to match Oarel, especially applied to the Eldar left in Beleriand. Helcelmar and Heceldamar *"Land of Forsaken Elves", the name used by the loremasters of Aman for Beleriand. (WJ:365)
hecil ("k") (masc. hecilo, fem. hecilë) "one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw" (WJ:365)
hehta- (pa.t. hehtanë) "put aside, leave out, exclude, abandon, forsake" (WJ:365)
helca ("k") "icy, ice-cold" (misprint "helk" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry KHELEK; both the Silmarillion Appendix and LT1:254 have helka, and VT45:21 now confirms that there is a final -a in Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript as well). In Helcar, the Inland Sea in the north-east of Middle-earth, and Helcaraxë, the Grinding Ice between Araman and Middle-earth (SA; spelt "Helkarakse" in the Etymologies, stem KARAK)

[LinBau]

helcë ("k") "ice" (KHELEK, LT1:254)
helcelimbë ("k") *"ice-drop"? (LIB1, cf. KHELEK)
helda (1) "naked, stripped bare" (SKEL, SKAL1)
[helda (2) "friendly, having love (for)" (VT46:3)]
[heldo, also helmo, fem. heldë, "friend" (VT46:3)]
[helmë "friendship" (VT46:3)]
helin "violet" or "pansy" (LT1:262)
Helinyetillë "Eyes of Heartsease", a name of the pansy (LT1:262)
hellë "sky" (3EL; a distinct word hellë "frost" was struck out, see KHEL.)
helma "skin, fell" (SKEL), changed by Tolkien from halma (VT46:14)
helwa "(pale) blue" (3EL)
helyanwë "rainbow", lit. "sky-bridge" (3EL)
hen (hend-, as in pl. hendi) "eye" (KHEN-D-E); possibly dual #hendu in hendumaica, q.v. Henulca "evileyed" (SD:68); cf. ulca.
hendumaica ("k") "sharp-eye" (read *"sharp-eyed"?) (WJ:337)
hequa "leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except" (WJ:365)
hér "lord" (VT41:9), also heru, q.v.
héra "chief, principal" (KHER)
hérë "lordship" (LT1:272)
heren (1) "order"; Heren Istarion "Order of Wizards" (UT:388); (2) "fortune" etymologically "governance" ("and so what is in store for one and what one has in store") (KHER) Herendil masc. name *"Fortune-friend" = Eadwine, Edwin, Audoin (LR:52, 56, cf. the Etymologies, stems KHER-, NIL/NDIL)
herenya "fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich" (KHER)
heri "lady" (KHER, LT1:272)
hérincë ("k") *"little lady" (UT:195). Concerning the diminutive ending, cf. Atarincë, cirinci.
heru (also hér) "lord, master" (PM:210, KHER, LT1:272, VT44:12); Letters:283 gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long vowel refers to God in the source where it appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43:29). In names like Herumor *"Black Lord" and Herunúmen "Lord of the West" (SA:heru); heruion evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord": *"of the lords" (SD:290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West" (LR:47), title of Manwë
heru- "to rule" (LT1:272; rather tur- in LotR-style Quenya)
Hescin ("k") "winter one" () (LT1:255)
Hesin "winter" (LT1:255; LotR-style Quenya has hrívë instead)
hessa "dead, withered" (LT1:255)
hesta "wither" (LT1:255)
hesto "captain" (VT45:22; the word is not explictly identified as Quenya but can hardly be any other language)
hilcin ("k") is glossed "it freezes" (LT1:254); if this word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, it would have to mean "I freeze", but the shape of this word seems somewhat alien to Tolkien's later forms of Quenya (verbs with 1st person aorists in -in never have a consonant cluster immediately preceding this ending)
hildi, -hildi "followers" (used = mortal men, the Second-born of Ilúvatar) (KHIL) (also Hildor, q.v.). Dat. pl. hildin "for men", a dative pl. occurring in Fíriel's Song. Cf. hildinyar "my heirs", evidently *hildë, hildo "follower, heir" + -inya "my" + -r plural ending (EO)
Hildor "the Followers", an Elvish name of Mortal Men as the Second-born of Ilúvatar (WJ:387); sg #Hildo. Hildórien the land where Men first awoke, like the Elves did at Cuiviénen (Silm, KHIL, PHIR)
hilya- "to follow" (KHIL)
himba "adhering, sticking" (KHIM)
himya- "to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by" (KHIM, VT45:22)
hína "child", also hina used in the vocative to a (young) child (also hinya "my child", for hinanya) (WJ:403). Pl. híni (surprisingly not **hínar) in Híni Ilúvataro "Children of Ilúvatar" (Silmarillion Index); dative hínin in VT44:35. In compounds -hin pl. -híni (as in Eruhíni, "Children of Eru", SA:híni)
hir- "find", future tense hiruva in Namárië (hiruvalyë "thou shalt find") (Nam, RGEO:67); Hirilondë "Haven-finder", name of a ship (UT:192)
hísë (Þ) (stem *hísi-, given the primitive form khîthi) (1) "mist, fog" (KHIS/KHITH). According to VT45:22, hísë is also the name of Tengwa #11 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #11 harma/aha instead. - Earlier "Qenya" words hísë, probably obsoleted by this word: (2) "dusk" (LT1:255), (3) "blinking" (?) (MC:214)
hísen "of mist" (Þ) (MC:221; this is "Qenya", but it connects with hísë.)
hísië "mist" (Þ) (Nam, SA:hîth); also hísë.
Hísilómë (Þ) (place-name) "Hithlum" (SA:hîth, LUM, [VT45:28])
Hísilumbë (Þ) (place-name, variant of Hísilómë) (LUM)
Hísimë (Þ) eleventh month of the year, "November" (Appendix D, SA:hîth). The Quenya word seems to mean "Misty One".
histanë "fading" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
histë "dusk" (LT1:255)
hiswa "grey" (KHIS/KHITH, Narqelion)
hiswë "fog" (KHIS/KHITH)
hiuta- "wink, hint" (VT46:6)
hlapu- "blow; fly or stream in the wind", participle hlápula "blowing" in Markirya
hlar- "hear", future tense hlaruva "shall hear" in Markirya
hloa ("hloä") noun that "would have been" the product of primitive sloga (Sindarin lhô), a word used of rivers that were "variable and liable to overflow their banks at seasons". However, the wording "would have been" may seem to suggest that this word did not actually occur in Quenya. (VT42:9)
hlócë ("k") "snake, serpent", later lócë ("k") (SA:lok-)
hloni "sounds" (sg. *hlonë? *hlon? *hlón?) (WJ:394)
#hlonítë "phonetic", only attested in the pl. in the phrase hloníti tengwi "phonetic signs" (sg. #hlonítë tengwë) (WJ:395). The form #hlonítë was changed by Tolkien from hlonaitë, as in hlonaitë tengwesta "a tengwesta (q.v.) employing phonetic signs" (VT39:4), hlonaiti tengwi "phonetic signs" (VT39:4)
ho "from" (3O); cf. hó-
hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)
hóciri- "cut off" (cut of a required portion, so as to have it or use it) (WJ:366, 368) (Normal aorist probably *hócirë, present/continuative tense *hócíra, past tense *hócirnë)
[holmë] "odour" (ÑOL; according to VT46:6, Tolkien struck out the initial h-, thus changing the word to olmë)
hón "heart" (physical) (KHÔ-N); hon-maren "heart of the house", a fire (LR:63, 73; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en, not -o as in LotR-style Quenya - read *hon-maro?)
hondo-ninya "my heart", changed to indo-ninya (FS, earlier version)
hópa "haven, harbour, small landlocked bay" (KHOP)
hopan, see hopassë
hopassë "harbourage", changed by Tolkien from hopan (KHOP, VT45:22)
hórë "impulse" (KHOR), hórëa "impulsive" (KHOR; VT45:22 confirms that "impulsive" is the correct gloss, misread "impulsion" in the Etymologies as printed in LR)
horma "horde, host" (LT2:341)
hormë "urgency" (confused with ormë "rushing") (KHOR; originally glossed "encouragement, comfort", VT45:22)
horro (also orro) "ugh, alas! ow!" (interjection "of horror, pain, disgust") (VT45:17)
horta- "send flying, speed, urge" (KHOR; originally glossed "urge, encourage", VT45:22)
hortalë "speeding, urging" (KHOR)
horya- "have an impulse, be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do" (VT45:22)
hos "folk" (LT2:340)
hossë "army, band, troop" (LT2:340)
hosta- "gather, collect, assemble" (Markirya); hostainiéva "will be gathered", future tense of the stative verb *hostainië, derived from *hostaina "gathered", past participle of hosta- "gather". Such stative verbs are probably not conceptually valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; see -ië. (FS)
hosta "large number", verb hosta- "to collect" (KHOTH)
hostar "tribe" (LT2:340)
hrá, see rá
Hravani "the Wild" (sg. *hravan), name of non-Edain Men (WJ:219)
hrávë "flesh" (MR:349)
hresta "shore, beach", ablative hrestallo *"from (the) shore" in Markirya
Hristo "Christ", Tolkien's phonological adaptation of this word to Quenya (VT44:18; also Hrísto, VT:44:15-16, though a long vowel before a consonant cluster seems unusual for Quenya)
hrívë "winter", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D)
hroa (sometimes spelt "hröa") "body" (changed by Tolkien from hrondo, in turn changed from hrón). Pl. hroar is attested (MR:304, VT39:30). In MR:330, Tolkien notes that hroa is "roughly but not exactly equivalent to 'body' " (as opposed to "soul"). The Incarnates live by necessary union of hroa (body) and fëa (soul) (WJ:405). Hroafelmë "body-impulse" (impulses provided by the body, e.g. physical fear, hunger, thirst, sexual desire) (VT41:19 cf. 13)
hróta "dwelling underground, artificial cave or rockhewn hall" (PM:365)
[hu- or hú-, negative prefix (VT45:17); Tolkien settled on ú- instead.]
huan (hún-, as in dat. sg. húnen) "hound" (KHUGAN, KHUG)
Hui "Night" (PHUY), in earlier "Qenya" defined as "evening" (MC:214) or "fog, dark, murk, night" (LT1:253).
huinë "deep shadow" (PHUY), "gloom" (VT41:8), "gloom, darkness" (SA:fuin), also used for "shadow" = Sauron (LR:56). In earlier sources, huinë is quoted as a variant of fuinë, but according to VT41:8, huinë is the proper Quenya form and fuinë is Telerin. With prefix nu- "under" and allative ending -nna in nuhuinenna (SD:246); also unuhuinë "under-shadow" (LR:47).
huiva "murky" (LT1:253)
[#hum- "not to do" (cited as 1st person aorist: humin "I do not"; pa.t. húmë. (VT45:17). See #um-.]
[húna- "howl" (VT46:6)]
húnen dat. sg. of huan (KHUGAN, KHUG)
huo "dog" (KHUG, see KHUGAN)
Huorë "Heart-vigour" (masc. name) (KHÔ-N)
hurin "hidden, concealed" (also furin) (LT2:340)
húro "storm" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
[húvanimor, see úvanimo]
hwan (hwand-, e.g. pl. hwandi) "sponge, fungus" (SWAD)
hwarin "crooked" (SKWAR)
hwarma "crossbar" (SKWAR)
hwermë "gesture-code" (WJ:395, VT39:5)
hwesta "breeze, breath, puff of air" (SWES), also name of tengwa #12 (Appendix E, VT46:17); hwesta sindarinwa "Grey-elven hw", name of tengwa #34 (Appendix E). Verb hwesta- "to puff" (SWES)
hwindë "eddy, whirlpool" (SWIN). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, hwindë was also the name of tengwa #34, which letter Tolkien would later call hwesta sindarinwa instead.
hwinya- "to swirl, eddy, gyrate" (SWIN)
hyá "here by us" (hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya) (Narqelion, QL:xiv)
hyalma "shell, conch, horn of Ulmo" (SYAL). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, hyalma was also the name of tengwa #33 (VT46:16), which letter Tolkien would later call hyarmen instead.
#hyam- "pray" (aorist hyamë attested, VT43:34)
hyanda "blade, share" (LT2:342)
*hyandë, see hyar-
hyapat "shore" (SKYAP)
hyar "plough" (LT2:342)
#hyar- "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.
hyárë (older hyázë) "this day", a form Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of síra, q.v. (VT43:18)
hyarmaitë "lefthanded" (KHYAR)
hyarmen, Hyarmen "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)
hyarmenya "southern" (KHYAR)
hyarya "left" (KHYAR)
hyatsë "cleft, gash" (SYAD), apparently changed by Tolkien from hyassë (VT46:16)
hyellë "glass" (KHYEL(ES), VT45:23; the later source also provides the unglossed form hyelma, which may be a synonym of hyellë)
hyelma, see hyellë
hyóla "trump" (SD:419)

<I>
i "the", indeclinable definite article (I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221; directly prefixed i- in i-mar [FS], i-Ciryamo [UT:8] and i-aldar *"the trees" [Narqelion]; with no hyphen in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247). Also relative pronoun: i "the one/they who; (that) which" (both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "(they) who are sitting"); cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "(that) which you deem good" (VT42:33). Note that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; cf. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" (WJ:391).
-i nominative plural ending regularly used on nouns ending in a consonant and in -ë; in the latter case, -ë is displaced (Quendë pl. Quendi).
[ia "ever" (GEY, EY); replaced by oia.]
[ialë "everlasting age" (GEY; the word "age" dropped out in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45:14. Replaced by oialë.]
-ië (1) infinitive (or gerundial) ending, attested in enyalië, q.v. (CO)
-ië (2) "is", -ier "are", stative verb suffix occurring in Fíriel's Song: númessier "they are in the west", meldielto "they are...beloved", talantië "he is fallen", márië "it is good" (< *númessë "in the west", melda "beloved", *talanta "fallen"); future tense -iéva in hostainiéva "will be gathered" (< *hostaina "gathered"). Compare ye "is", yéva "will be", verbs that also occur in Fíriel's Song. This suffix is probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya: -ië is an infinitival or gerundial ending in CO, for ye "is" Namárië has ná, and the phrase "lost is" is vanwa ná, not *vanwië.
-iel patronymic (or matronymic) ending -"daughter" (YEL, VT46:22-23) (In the Etymologies, Tolkien struck out this ending and the corresponding independent word yeldë "daughter", changing them to -ien, yendë. However, the ending -iel later turns up in the name Uinéniel "Daughter of Uinen" in UT:182, so it would seem that Tolkien changed his mind again and restored this ending, and perhaps the noun yeldë along with it.)
ier "as" (VT43:16, probably rejected in favour of sívë, q.v.). In an abandoned version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used ier...ter for "as...so" (VT43:17).
il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.
ilaurëa "daily", "of every day" (il- "every" + aurë "day" + -a adjectival ending) (VT43:18).
ilca- ("k") "gleam (white)", participle ilcala with pl. allative ending ilcalannar in Markirya (axor ilcalannar "on bones gleaming")
Ilcorin ("k") *"not of Kor", describing Elves not of the Blessed Realm; variant of Alcorin (LA, AR2, VT45:5)
ílë "star" (LT1:269; rather elen, él in LotR-style Quenya.)
ilfirin "immortal" (PHIR)
ilin "pale blue" (GLINDI)
Illuin name of one of the Lamps of the Valar; apparently incorporating the element luin "blue" (Silm)
illumë "always" (VT44:9)
ilm- stem appearing in Ilmen, the region above the air where the stars are, in Ilmarë, name of a Maia, and in Ilmarin "mansion of the high airs", the dwelling of Manwë and Varda upon Oiolossë (SA)
Ilma "starlight" (GIL)
Ilmarë "starlight", also name of a Maia (GIL, SA:ilm-)
Ilmarin "mansion of the high airs", the dwelling of Manwë and Varda upon Oiolossë (SA:ilm-)
ilmen region above air where stars are (WIL, SA:ilm-); Ilmen-assa "Chasm of Ilmen" (GAS)
*ilpirin (hypothetical form; the word actually appears in Q as ilfirin) "immortal" (PHIR)
ilqua ("ilqa") "everything" (IL, VT45:24), "all" (FS); ilquainen ("ilqainen") a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "to all". It would appear to be ilqua "all" with a dative pl. ending. However, in Tolkien's later Quenya -inen is the ending for instrumental pl. (FS)
ilquen "everybody" (WJ:372)
ilsa "(the mystic name of) silver" (LT1:255, LT1:268)
Ilu "(the) world" (FS, LR:47, 56), "universe" (IL); ilu "everything, all, the whole" (of the universe also including God and all souls and spirits, which are not properly included in the term Eä; see VT39:20)
ilucara ("k") "omnificent" (VT39:20)
iluisa (Þ?) "omniscient" (VT39:20)
Ilumírë *"World-jewel", another word for Silmaril (IL)
iluquinga ("q") "rainbow" (LT2:348)
Ilurambar "Walls of the World" (IL, RAMBÂ)
ilúvala "omnipotent" (VT39:20)
Ilúvatar "All-father", God (SD:401, FS, IL; Ilúv-atar, ATA); Ilúvatáren "of Ilúvatar"; in the "Qenya" of Fíriel's Song, LR:47 and SD:246, the genitive ending is -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. the later genitive Ilúvataro in the phrase Híni Ilúvataro "Children of Ilúvatar" in the Silmarillion Index.
ilúvë "allness, the all". In Ilúvatar "All-father". (SA; WJ:402, MR:471, IL) In MR:355, ilúvë seems to be equated with Heaven. Cf. SD:401: Ilúvë Ilu "Heaven, the universe, all that is (with and without the Earth)".
ilwë "sky, heavens" (LT1:255), "the middle air among the stars" (LT1:273)
Ilweran, Ilweranta "rainbow" (GL:74) (The Etymologies gives helyanwë.)
ilya "all" (LR:47, 56; SD:310), "all, the whole" (IL); "each, every, all of a particular group of things" (VT39:20); ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective (Nam, RGEO:67): ilyë tier "all paths" (Namárië, VT39:20), ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" (CO), ilya raxellor "from all dangers" (VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here), ilyárëa (older ilyázëa) "daily, of every day" (evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending) (VT43:18). Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v.
-ima adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima "fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the meaning "-able", as in úquétima "unspeakable" (from quet- "speak"). Note that the stem-vowel is lengthened in the derivatives where -ima means "-able"). "X-ima" may mean "apt to X", as in Fírimar "mortals", literally "those apt to die" (WJ:387)
[imba], see imbë #2
Imbar "the Habitation, = Earth," also "the principal part of Arda" (= the Solar System) (MR:337, also WJ:419 note 29)
imbë (1) "between" (Nam, RGEO:67)
imbë (2) adv. "in(wards)" (obsoleted by #1 above?). Changed by Tolkien from imba (VT45:18)
imbë (3)"dell, deep vale" (VT45:18)
ímen a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "in them" (ar ilqua ímen "and all [that is] in them"). Probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya.
imi "in"; see mi (VT43:30)
imíca "among" (VT43:30)
in a strange particle occurring in the phrase i-coimas in-Eldaron "the coimas [lembas] of the Eldar" in PM:403. It looks like the Sindarin plural article, but in Quenya i is both sg. and pl. "the", and the word Eldar does not normally take any article at all. The alternative reading i-coimas Eldaron (PM:395) is probably to be preferred.
-ina ending for what Tolkien called "general 'passive' participle" (VT43:15); compare rácina, hastaina.
-in dative pl. ending, seen in eldain, fírimoin, q.v.
inca ("k") "idea" (VT45:18, where the word is cited with a final hyphen, though its gloss would indicate that it is a noun not a verb. Originally, the triple glosses "idea, notion, guess" were provided.)
indi - apparently a name of Men, hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya (LT2:343)
indil "lily", or other large single flower. Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)
indis is translated "wife" in UT:8; but is assigned the meaning "bride" in other places; use rather vessë for "wife". Indis "Bride", name of the goddess Nessa. (NDIS-SÊ/SÂ (NETH, NI1, NDER, I) ); Indis Nessa *"Bride Nessa", title and name of the Valië (NETH) The stem-form of indis "bride" is somewhat obscure; according to VT45:37 the stem could be indiss- (pl. indissi given), but the alternative form pl. form inderi shows a curious shift from i to e as well as the more regular change from s (via z) to r between vowels (compare the pl. of olos, q.v.)
indo "heart, mood" (ID, obsoleting earlier "Qenya" indo "house" in LT2:343); "state" (perhaps especially state of mind, given the other glosses) (VT39:23). In a post-LotR source, indo is translated "resolve" or "will", the state of mind leading directly to action (VT41:13). Indo is thus "the mind in its purposing faculty, the will" (VT41:17). Indo-ninya a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "my heart".
indómë "settled character", also used of the "will" of Eru (according to etymological notes written in 1957, referred to in VT43:16). Indómelya "thy will" (ibid.)
indor "master (of house), lord" (LT2:343; probably obsoleted together with indo "house", q.v.)
indyalmë "clamour" (VT46:3)
indyo "grandchild, descendant" (ÑGYÔ/ÑGYON - read *inyo in Noldorin Quenya, that changed ndy to ny? Cf. Quenya for Quendya.) In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, indyo was also the name of tengwa #17 with overposed dots to indicate following y (VT46:4), the whole symbol having the value ndy.
-inen pl. instrumental ending. In ómainen (WJ:391)
inga "top, highest point" (PM:340), also adj. "first" (ING)
ingaran "high-king" (PM:340)
Ingoldo masc. name; possessive Ingoldova "Ingoldo's" (VT39:16)
Ingolë "Science/Philosophy" as a whole (PM:360; WJ:383 has ingolë ["iñgole"], glossed "lore". In the Etymologies, stem ÑGOL, the word ingolë was marked as archaic or poetic and is glossed "deep lore, magic").
ingólemo "one with very great knowledge, a 'wizard' ", applied only to great sages of the Eldar in Valinor, like Rúmil (PM:360)
ingolmo "loremaster" (WJ:383)
Ingolondë "Land of the Gnomes" (Beleriand, "but before applied to parts of Valinor") (ÑGOLOD)
ingor "summit of a mountain" (PM:340)
Ingwë masc. name, "chief", name of the "prince of Elves" (PM:340, ING, WEG, VT45:18). Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar called themselves (so in PM:340, but in PM:332, the plural is the more regular form Ingwi). Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper title of Ingwë as high king (PM:340). In the Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name of a short carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting short i (VT45:18).
inimeitë ?"female" (INI)
-inqua adjectival ending, seen in alcarinqua "glorious" (WJ:412) from alcar "glory". Etymologically, -inqua means "-full", like "glory-full" in this case.
#insangarë (allative insangarenna attested, VT43:22) "temptation", a form Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of #úsahtië. In Quenya, the cluster ns is unusual.
intya- "guess, suppose" (INK/INIK)
intyalë "imagination" (INK/INIK)
inwisti "mind-mood" (changed by Tolkien from inwaldi) (MR:216, 471)
inya (1) "female" (INI)
inya (2) "small" (LT1:256; this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by # 1 above)
inyë emphatic independent 1st person sg. pronoun, "I" with emphasis, translateed "I, too" in LR:61.
[Iolossë] "Everlasting Snow" = Taniquetil (GEY, EY; changed to Oiolossë)
-ion (patronymic ending) "son (of), descendant" (YÔ/YON, LT1:271, LT2:344)
[íra "eternal" (GEY, VT45:13; changed to oira, see OY)]
írë (1) "desire", noun. (ID). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, írë was also the name of a long carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting long í. (VT45:17).
írë (2) "when" (subordinate conjunction, not question-word: írë Anarinya queluva, "when my sun faileth") (FS)
[írë] (3) "eternal" (read "eternity", as suggested by Christopher Tolkien, but the word was in any case changed to oirë) (GEY, VT45:13)
irícië ("k") see #ric-
Irildë "Idhril" (Idril) (LT2:343), #Írildë (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193). Irildë Taltyelemna = (later) Sindarin Idril Celebrindal; replaced Irildë Taltelepsa (KYELEP/TELEP; Taltelemna in the printed LR is an error for Taltyelemna, VT45:25). Tolkien may have replaced Irildë as the Quenya form of Idril with Itaril, Itarillë, Itarildë, q.v.
írima "lovely, beautiful, desirable" (ID, FS), in FS also pl. írimar; in the "Qenya" of Fíriel's Song, adjectives in -a form their plurals in -ar instead of -ë as in LotR-style Quenya.
irin "town" (LT2:343; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya)
Írissë fem. name (PM:345), evidently connected to írë "desire".
irmin "the world, all the regions inhabited by Men" (LT2:343)
Irmo "Desirer", name of a Vala; normally called Lórien, properly the place where he dwells (WJ:402)
is "light snow" (LT1:256)
-is ending for plural "respective" (Plotz)
isca ("k") "pale" (LT1:256)
Isil "Moon" (FS; SA:sil, Appendix E, SD:302, SIL; also defined as "the Sheen" under THIL); Isildur (masc.name., *"Moon-servant") (SA:sil, Appendix A, NDÛ); isilmë "moonlight", occurring in Markirya; free translation "the moon" in MC:215 (isilmë ilcalassë, lit. "moonlight gleaming-in" = "in the moon gleaming"); Isilya third day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Moon (Appendix D)
isqua ("q") "wise" (LT2:339)
issë "knowledge, lore" (LT2:339; rather ista in Tolkien's later Quenya)
-issë a feminine ending, as in Írissë (PM:345)
ista "knowledge" (IS)
ista- "know", pa.t. sintë (IS, LT2:339). Ista- is also used for "can" in the sense of "know how to", as in istan quetë "I can speak (because I have learned (a) language)" (VT41:6)
Istar "Wizard", used of Gandalf, Saruman, Radagast etc. Pl. Istari is attested. Gen. pl. in the phrase Heren Istarion "Order of Wizards" (UT:388)
istima adj. "having knowlegde" (IS)
Istimor *"Wise Ones" = "Gnomes" (Noldor) (IS). Sg. #Istimo.
istya "knowledge" (IS)
istyar "scholar, learned man" (IS). According to VT45:18, Tolkien at one point also meant istyar to be the name of Tengwa #13 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value sty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value *nty (since #13 is there assigned the value nt in Quenya).
iswa "wise" (LT2:339)
íta "a flash" (PM:363)
ita- "sparkle" (SA:ril, PM:363)
Itaril (*Itarill-), Itarillë, Itarildë fem. name, Sindarized as Idril (PM:346, 348; SA:ril). (In earlier sources, Tolkien used Irildë as the Quenya form of Idril.)
itila "twinkling, glinting" (PM:363)
-iva (-ivë) plural possessive ending; seen in Eldaiva, Eldaivë (WJ:369)
Íverind-, Íverindor "Ireland" (LT2:344) The nominative of Íverind- must be *Íverin, the form Íverind- occurring before endings. Compare Íwerin below.
Íwerin "Ireland" (also Íverindor, Íverind-) (LT2:344)

[LinBau]

<K>
kakainen, see caita-
kelvar (sg. #kelva) "animals, living things that move" (Silm)
kemen "earth"; see cemen.
Kementári "Earth-queen", title of Yavanna (SA:tar). The Kemen- of this name was at one stage intended as the genitive of kén, kem- "earth", so that Kementári meant "Earth's Queen", but Tolkien later changed the Quenya genitive ending from -(e)n to -o. Apparently so as to maintain the name Kementári, he turned kemen into the nominative form; see cemen.
kwí, kwíta, particle indicating uncertainty (evidently like English "maybe, perhaps"). We would expect the spelling quí, quíta (VT42:34). See cé (which form is perhaps to be preferred)
kyermë *"prayer", isolated from Erukyermë (UT:166)

<L>
-l reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" (pl.). See heca! (WJ:364) In the form hamil "you judge" (VT42:33), the ending -l may seem to be a singular "you", perhaps short for -lyë (q.v.) The ending -l is definitely sg. in etel, mil as short forms of etelyë, milyë; see et, mi.
la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)
lá (1) "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation.
lá (2) "beyond", also used in phrases of comparison, e.g. "A ná calima lá B", A is bright beyond (= brigther than) B (VT42:32)
[lá (3) ?"please" (reading of gloss uncertain) (VT45:25)]
lacarë ("k") "not-doing, inaction" (in general) (VT42:33)
lá umë > laumë "no indeed not, on the contrary" ("also used for asking incredulous questions") (LA)
[lai "very" (VT45:8)]
laica (1) "green" (in older sources laiqua) (Letters:283)
laica (2) ("k") "keen, sharp, acute, piercing" (LAIK, LT2:337 - in the Etymologies as printed in LR, the final vowel is misread as -e instead of -a, VT45:25)
laimë "shade" (DAY; in an earlier version the gloss was "shadow (cast by an object or form)"; see VT45:8-9. Perhaps Tolkien transferred this meaning to lëo when giving laimë the more general meaning "shade".)
laiqua ("q") "green" (LÁYAK, LT1:267, MC:214), "Qenya" pl. laiquali ("q") (MC:216); laiqua'ondoisen ("q") "green-rocks-upon" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"), Laiqualassë ("q") "Legolas" (Greanleaf) (LT1:267). In later material, the word for "green" appears as laica.
laiquaninwa ("q") "green-blue"? (cf. ninwa) (Narqelion)
laiquassë ("q") "greenness" (LT1:267)
Laiquendi "Green-elves", not much used (translated from Sindarin Laegil, Laegelrim) (WJ:385, SA:quen-/quet-, LÁYAK; spelt "Laiqendi" in the latter source)
laira "shady" (DAY)
lairë (1) "summer" (Letters:283, VT45:26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë "Eversummer"; see Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë *"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT:167), perhaps with white flowers.
lairë (2) "poem" (GLIR)
lairë (3) "meadow" (LT1:267, GL:39 - perhaps a doubtful word in LotR-style Quenya, since lairë already has to carry two other meanings)
lairus (lairust-) "verdigris" (VT41:10)
laisi, laito "youth, vigour, new life" (LT1:267; rather vië or nésë, nessë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
laita- "bless, praise": a laita, laita te! Andavë laituvalmet! ... Cormacolindor, a laita tárienna "bless them, bless them! Long shall we bless them! ... [The] Ring-bearers, praise [them] to [the] height!" (lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them) (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308) Verbal noun laitalë "praising", isolated from Erulaitalë (UT:166, 436)
laivë "ointment" (LIB2)
laiwa "sick, sickly, ill" (SLIW, VT45:28)
lala "no indeed not, on the contrary" ("also used for asking incredulous questions") (LA)
lala- (1) "laugh" (PM:359)
lala- (2) "to deny" (LA)
lalantila (Narqelion)
lalmë "elm-tree" (ÁLAM)
Lalwendë (also short Lalwen) "Laughing Maiden", fem. name (PM:343)
láma "ringing sound, echo" (LAM)
laman (lamn- or simply laman-, as in pl. lamni or lamani) "animal" (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles and birds; a more general word may be #celva) (WJ:416)
lámatyávë (pl. lámatyáver attested) "sound-taste" (láma + tyávë), individual pleasure in the sounds and forms of words (MR:215, 471)
lamba (1) "tongue" (physical tongue, while lambë = "language") (WJ:394, LAB; according to VT45:25, Tolkien first wrote lambe, but as noted, this alternative form is rather used for "tongue" in the sense of "language")
lamba (2) ?"hammer" (possibly an alternative form of namba, q.v., but the source is obscure and namba is to be preferred) (VT45:37)
lambë "tongue, language" (the usual word for 'language' in non-technical use) (WJ:368, 394, ÑGAL/ÑGALAM), "the language or dialect of a particular country or people...never used for 'language' in general, but only for particular forms of speech" (VT39:15); also name of tengwa #27 (Appendix E). (In early "Qenya", lambë was defined as "tongue" of body, but also of land, or even = "speech" [LT2:339]. In LotR-style Quenya lambë ONLY means "tongue = speech", while the word for a physical tongue is lamba.) Lambë Valarinwa "Valarin tongue" (WJ:397), lambë Quendion "the language of the Elves" (PM:395), Lambengolmor "Loremasters of Tongues", a school founded by Fëanor (WJ:396)
lambelë "Language" (especially with reference to phonology). *"phonetics" (VT39:15)
#lambetengwë "consonant" (as a tengwë or phoneme), literally "tongue-signs". Only pl. lambetengwi ("ñ") is attested (VT39:16)
lámina "echoing" (LAM)
lamma "sound" (noun) (LAM)
lamya- "to sound" (LAM, VT45:25)
lanat "weft" (LAN)
lanca ("k") "sharp edge (not of tools); sudden end" ("as e.g. a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built, also used in transferred senses, as in kuivie-lankasse, literally 'on the brink of life', of a perilous situation in which one is likely to fall into death" - VT42:8)
lanco ("k") "throat, swallow" (LAK1 , LANK). Since this was changed by Tolkien from lango with stem *langu- and pl. langwi, it may be that lanco should similarly have the stem *lancu- and pl. *lanqui.
landa (1) noun "boundary" (VT42:8)
landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD)
lanë (lani-) noun "hem" (VT42:8)
lango (1) "broad sword", also "prow of a ship" (LAG)
[lango (2) "throat"] (Tolkien also listed the plural form langwi; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, Christopher Tolkien improperly prefixed an asterisk as if it were an primitive or wrong form; see VT45:26. This indicates that lango has the stem-form *langu-. Compare ango "snake", stem #angu-, pl. angwi. But whatever the case, lango was changed to lanco.) (LANG, see LANK)
langon "throat" (MC:216; this is "Qenya", possibly an inflected form of lango #2 above - but Tolkien changed it to lanco)
langwi - see lango
lannë "tissue, cloth" (LAN)
lanta noun "a fall" (DAT/DANT (TALÁT) ), also lantë. Verb lanta- "fall" (DAT/DANT (TALÁT), Narqelion, VT45:26); lantar present tense pl. (Nam, RGEO:66); lantaner "fell" (pl.) (SD:246); lantier "they fell", a plural past tense of lanta- "fall" occurring in LR:47; read probably lantaner in LotR-style Quenya, as in SD:246. Also sg. lantië "fell" (LR:56); read likewise *lantanë? (The forms in -ier, -ië seem to be properly perfects.) Participle lantala "falling" (with locative ending: lantalassë) in Markirya.
lantalca ("k") "boundary post or mark" (VT42:8, 28)
lanta-mindon "fallen-towers"; lanta-ránar "in falling-moon" (locative -r) (MC:214; these forms are "Qenya")
#lantë (1) noun "fall" in Noldolantë, q.v. Also lanta.
lantë (2) "falling" (MC:214; this is "Qenya" - in Tolkien's later Quenya lantala)
lanu "lead" (LT1:268)
lanwa (1) adj. "within bounds, limited, finite, (well-)defined" (VT42:8)
lanwa (2) noun "loom" (LAN)
lanya- (1) "bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of" (VT42:8)
lanya- (2) "weave" (LAN)
lapattë "hare" (GL:52)
lappa "hem of robe" (GL:52)
lapsa- "to lick" (frequentative) (LAB)
lapsë "babe" (LAP)
[laque[t]-] ("q") ?"deny" (VT45:25)
lár (1) "league", a linear measure, 5000 rangar (q.v.). A ranga was approximately 38 inches, so a lár was "5277 yards, two feet and four inches [ca. 4826 m], supposing the equivalence to be exact" - close enough to our league of 5280 yards to justify this translation. The basic meaning of lár is "pause"; in marches a brief halt was made for each league. (UT:285)
lár (2) "ear" (?). Tolkien's wording is not clear, but lasû is given as an ancient dual form "(pair of) ears"; Quenya lár could represent the old singular las-. The Quenya dual "(pair of) ears" should possibly be *laru. (LAS2)
lar (1) "fat, riches" (VT45:26; Hosetter and Wynne suggest that the second gloss should perhaps read "richness" rather than "riches")
[lar (2) "(good) fortune, prosperity, Bliss" (VT45:26; the Qenya genitive form láren is also listed)]
lára (1) "flat" (DAL, VT45:25)
[lára (2) "grave" (VT45:8)]
[lára (3) "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]
[lárë "happen" (VT45:26; the word has an unusual shape for a verb, and was in any case deleted)]
lárëa (1) "fat, rich" (VT45:26)
[lárëa (2), see lára #3]
larca ("k") "swift, rapid" (LAK2)
larma (1) [?pig-]fat, flesh" (VT45:25; the initial element of the gloss "pig-fat" is not certainly legible in Tolkien's manuscript)
[larma (2) "lucky event"; some additional glosses in Tolkien's manuscript are tentatively read as "pleasure, mirth" by Hostetter and Wynne (VT45:26)]
lassë "leaf"; pl. lassi is attested (Nam, RGEO:66, Letters:283, LAS1, LT1:254, VT39:9, Narqelion); gen. lassëo "of a leaf", gen. pl. lassion "of leaves" (earlier lassio) (WJ:407); lasselanta "leaf-fall", used (as was quellë) for the latter part of autumn and the beginning of winter (Appendix D, Letters:428); hence Lasselanta alternative name of October (PM:135). Cf. also lassemista "leaf-grey" (LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in Letters:224), lassewinta a variant of lasselanta (PM:376). See also lillassëa.
lassecanta ("k") "leaf-shaped" (KAT)
lasselanta "leaf-fall = Autumn" (DAT/DANT, LAS1, Narqelion, LT1:254; "lasse-lanta" in VT45:24, but again lasselanta in VT45:26)
lasta- "listen", also adj. lasta "listening, hearing" (LAS2)
Lastalaica ("k") "sharp-ears" (name) (LAS2)
láta "open" (adj.) (VT39:23), "open, not closed" (VT41:5)
látië "openness" (VT39:23)
latin, latina "open, free, cleared (of land)" (LAT). According to VT41:5, the adjective latina "is used rather of freedom of movement, of things not encumbered with obstacles"
latta (1) "hole, pit" (DAT/DANT, VT45:8)
latta (2) "strap" (LATH)
latucenda ("k") "of tin" (LT1:268)
latya "opening" (used as abstract in the source) (VT39:23), but seemingly also used as verb "to open", cf. the negated form avalatya *"un-open" = to "close"? (VT41:6). See ava- #3.
lau "no indeed not, on the contrary" ("also used for asking incredulous questions") (LA)
lauca ("k") "warm" (LAW)
laumë < lá umë "no indeed not, on the contrary" ("also used for asking incredulous questions") (LA)
laurë "gold", but of golden light and colour, not of the metal. In Etym defined as "light of the golden Tree Laurelin, gold" - but not properly used of the metal gold (LÁWAR/GLÁWAR, GLAW(-R), VT27:20, 27). In early "Qenya", however, laurë was defined as "(the mystic name of) gold" (LT1:255, 258) or simply "gold" (LT1:248, 268). In Laurelin, q.v., Laurenandë "Gold-valley" = Lórien (the land, not the Vala) (UT:253) and laurinquë name of a tree, possibly *"Gold-full one" (UT:168). Derived adjective laurëa "golden, like gold"; pl. laurië is attested (Nam, RGEO:66).
Laurelin ("g.sg. Laurelinden" or Laurelingen; in LotR-style Quenya this is dat.sg.) Name of the Golden Tree of Valinor, interpreted both *"singing-gold" (stem Laurelind-) and "hanging-gold" (stem Laureling-) (LIN2, VT45:27, LÁWAR/GLÁWAR, [GLAW(-R)], SA, Letters:308)
Laurelindórinan "Valley of Singing Gold", an earlier name of Laurenandë (Lórien) (UT:253); laurelindórenan lindelorendor malinornélion ornemalin *"Goldenlight-music-land-valley music-dream-land of yellow-trees tree-yellow", Quenya elements agglutinated in Entish fashion; this supposedly means something like "the valley where the trees in a golden light sing musically, a land of music and dreams; there are yellow trees there, it is a tree-yellow land" (LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in Letters:308).
laurina "golden" (LT1:258)
Laurundo "Glorund" (> Glaurung). Also Undolaurë. (LT2:341)
laustanë "roaring" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
laustaner 'lausted', past tense ("not 'roared' or 'rushed' but made a windy noise" - but in MC:220, Tolkien himself translated laustanéro as "rushed") (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
#lav- (1) "lick", pa.t. #lávë in undulávë, see undu (Nam); 1st person aorist lavin "I lick" in the Etymologies (LAB)
lav- (2) "yield, allow, grant" (DAB)
lavaralda (changed from lavarin) some kind of tree (alda) (LR:57)
-lda "your" (sg.), possessive suffix attested only in the phrase Arwen vanimalda "Arwen your beauty", sc. "O beautiful Arwen", and in meletyalda "your majesty" (WJ:369) Arwen vanimalda was changed to Arwen vanimelda in the second edition of LotR, so Tolkien may have decided to re-interpret the phrase as *"Arwen, beautiful Elf (Elda)". The ending for "your" appears as -lya elsewhere. (LotR1:II ch. 6)
le pronominal element "you, thou", the "reverential 2nd person sing" (RGEO:73). Attested as an ending in the imperative antalë *"give thou" (VT43:17); see anta-. The form ólë in VT43:29 apparently means *"with thee".
-lë ending forming nouns that "seem properly to have been universal and abstract" (VT39:16, in which source Tolkien is actually commenting on the prehistoric form -lê, but -lë is its Quenya descendant)
lehta- "loose, slacken" (LEK), also adj. lehta "free, released" (VT39:17); #lehta tengwë "free element, released element", a term for "vowel" (only pl. lehta tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective) (VT39:17)
lelya- "go, proceed (in any direction), travel", pa.t. lendë (WJ:363, VT14:5)
lemba "left behind" (LEB/LEM)
Lembi "Elves remaining behind" = Telerin Ilkorins (LEB/LEM). Sg. #Lembë.
lemenya archaic ordinal "fifth", replaced by lempëa (VT42:25)
lemnar "week" (of five days) (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK)
lempë cardinal "five" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK, GL:53, VT42:24); lempëa ordinal "fifth", an analogical formation replacing older lemenya, in turn altered from the historically "correct" form lepenya because of analogy with the cardinal lempë "five" (VT42:25; Vanyarin Quenya maintained lepenya, VT42:26)
lemya- "remain, tarry" (VT45:26)
lenca ("k") (1) adj. "slow" (LT2:341)
lenca- ("k") (2) verb "loose, slacken" (LEK. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the misreading leuka [for lenka] appears; cf. VT45:27)
lenda- "linger" (VT45:27)
lendë "left, went" (pa.t. of lelya- "go") (FS, LR:47, SD:310, WJ:362), or, according to the Etymologies, the pa.t. of lenna- "go" and lesta- "leave" (LED, ELED. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, lenna- was misread as "linna-"; see VT45:27)
lenémë "with leave" (+ genitive: "with leave of") (SD:246)
lenna- "go", pa.t. lendë "went" (LED; cf. lelya-). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word lenna- wrongly appears as **linna-; see VT45:27.
lenu- "stretch" (LT2:341)
lenwa "long and thin, straight, narrow" (LT2:341)
Lenwë the leader of the Nandor (Nandorin Denweg, primitive *Denwego) (WJ:412)
lepenya, see lempë
lëo "shade, shadow cast by any object" (DAY)
leper (pl. leperi given) "finger" (VT44:16; an older source gives the word for "finger" as lepsë)
lepsë "finger" (LEP/LEPET; see leper). According to VT45:27, Tolkien derived lepsë from primitive lepti; if so, lepsë should have the stem-form *lepsi-. However, Tolkien struck out the ancestral form lepti, so we cannot be sure whether this idea was maintained or not.
lepta- "pick (up, out) with the fingers" (VT44:16)
**lér "man" (NI1 ) hypothetical Q form of PQ dêr; the form actually used in Quenya was nér)
léra adj. "free", of persons (VT41:5)
lerina adj. "free" of things: not guarded, reserved, made fast, or "owned" (VT41:5)
lerya- "release, set free, let go"; negated avalerya- "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty" (VT41:5, 6)
lerta- verb "can" in the sense "be free to do", being under no restraint (physical or other). Lertan quetë "I can speak (because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty)". Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, this verb can be used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41:6)
lesta- (pa.t. lendë) "leave" (ELED)
lestanen "in measure", a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, apparently the instrumental form of a noun #lesta "measure", not otherwise attested.
Lestanórë "Doriath", gen. Lestanórëo (WJ:369)
leuca (1) "snake" (Appendix E)
**leuca ("k") (2) a misreading for lenca (q.v.) that appears in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45:27.
-li partitive pl. ending (simply called a plural suffix in the Etymologies, stem LI); genitive -lion in vanimálion, allative -linna and -linnar in falmalinnar, q.v. The other cases are only known from the Plotz letter: possessive -líva, dative -lin, locative -lissë or -lissen, ablative -lillo or -lillon, instrumental -línen, "respective" -lis.
li-, lin- a multiplicative prefix (LT1:269)
lia "fine thread, spider filament" (SLIG). Cf. lia "twine" (LT1:271)
liantassë "vine" (LT1:271)
liantë (1) "spider" (SLIG), perhaps obsoleting (2) liantë "tendril" (LT1:271)
líco ("k") "wax" (Markirya comments, MC:223). The related noun lícuma "candle" suggests that líco has the stem-form lícu-.
lícuma ("k") "taper, candle"
lië "people" (LI, Narqelion, VT39:6), in Eldalië (q.v.); possessive #liéva in Mindon Eldaliéva (q.v.); maybe also compounded in #rohtalië, #ruhtalië (q.v.)
lil "more" (PE14:80)

[LinBau]

lillassëa "having many leaves", pl. lillassië in Markirya (ve tauri lillassië, lit. *"like many-leaved forests", is translated "like leaves of forests" in MC:215). The lil- element is clearly an assimilated form of lin-, # 1, q.v.
-lillo or -lillon ending for partitive pl. ablative (Plotz); see -li
lilótëa adjective "having many flowers" (VT42:18)
lilta- "dance" (LILT, Narqelion)
limba "a drop" (LIB1)
limbë "many" (LT2:342)
limpë "(wine), drink of the Valar" (LIP), cf. the early "Qenya" gloss "drink of the fairies" (LT1:258)
lin, lind- "a musical sound" (Letters:308), "melody" (LT1:258)
lin- (1) (prefix) "many" (LI), seen in lindornëa, lintyulussëa; assimilated lil- in lillassëa.
[lin- (2) "sing" (GLIN, struck out)]
linda "fair, beautiful" (of sound) (SLIN, LIND; VT45:27)
lindalë "music". Cf. Ainulindalë "Music of the Ainur". The word is cited as lindelë in the printed Etymologies, entry LIN2, but according to VT45:27, this is a misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript. The word lindalë may argue the existence of a verbal stem #linda- "sing, make music".
Lindar "Singers" (sg. Linda), what the Teleri called themselves (WJ:380, MR:349, UT:253). It seems that Lindar is also interpreted "the Beautiful" (cf. linda "fair, beautiful"), but this interpretation seems to belong primarily to Tolkien's earlier conception, when Lindar was the name of the First Clan, the later Vanyar (which name similarly means "the Fair"). Adj. Lindarin = Telerin (but Tolkien of course held it to be = Vanyarin when the First Clan, the later Vanyar, were still called Lindar - before he decided to apply this name to the third clan, the Teleri) (TÂ/TA3)
lindë "air, tune, singing, song" (SA:gond, (LIN2, [GLIN]); lindelorendor "music-dream-land"; see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... (LotR2:III ch. 4, cf. Letters:308)
lindë- ?"sing" (LT1:258; in LotR-style Quenya lir- or #linda-)
lindelë "music" (LIN2, LT1:258 - #lindalë in Ainulindalë). According to VT45:27, lindelë in the printed Etymologies (entry LIN2) is a misreading for lindalë in Tolkien's manuscript.
lindelëa "melodious" (LT1:258)
Lindi What the Green-elves (Laiquendi, Nandor) called themselves; also used in Exilic Quenya (WJ:385)
lindo "singer, singing bird" (LIN2)
Lindon, Lindónë "Lindon", place-name (WJ:385)
lindórëa (Narqelion)
Lindórië fem. name, perhaps *"She that arises in beauty" (compare Melkor "He that arises in Might") (Silm). Cf. linda.
lindornëa "having many oak-trees" (adj.) (DÓRON, LI)
línë "cobweb" (SLIG)
-línen ending for partitive pl. instrumental (Plotz); see -li
linga- "hang, dangle" (LING/GLING, VT45:15, 27)
linganer "hummed like a harp-string" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
lingwë (stem *lingwi-, given the primitive form liñwi) "fish" (LIW)
lingwilócë ("k") "fish-dragon, sea-serpent" (LOK)
**linna, a misreading for lenna- (q.v.) that appears in the Etymologies as printed in LR. See VT45:27.
-linnar see -li
linquë ("q") (1) "wet" (LINKWI). In early "Qenya", this word was glossed "water" (LT1:262), and "wet" was linqui or liquin, q.v.
linquë (2) noun *"grass, reed" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34)
linqui ("q") "wet" (MC:216; Tolkien's later Quenya has linquë.)
#linta "swift", only pl. lintë attested (Nam, RGEO:66)
lintitinwë "having many stars" (LT1:269)
lintulinda, lintulindova *"many-", *"swift-" (Narqelion)
lintyulussëa "having many poplars" (LI)
linya "pool" (LIN1)
linyenwa "old, having many years" (YEN)
-lion ending for partitive pl. genitive (Plotz); see -li
lipil "little glass" (LT1:258)
lipsa "soap" (LIB2)
liptë- "to drip" (LT1:258; rather *lipta- in Tolkien's later Quenya?)
liquin ("q") "wet" (LT1:262; Tolkien's later Quenya has linquë.)
liquis ("q") "transparence" (LT1:262)
-lin ending for partitive pl. dative (Plotz); see -li
-linna or -linnar ending for partitive pl. allative (Plotz); see -li
lir- "to chant" (1st pers. aorist lirin "I chant, I sing") (LIR1, GLIR)
lir' (Narqelion)
lírë "song", stem #líri- in the instrumental form lírinen "in [the] song" or *"by [the] song" (Nam, RGEO:67)
lirilla "lay, song" (LT1:258)
lirit "poem" (LT1:258)
lirulin "lark" (MR:238, 262), changed from aimenel, aimenal
lis (liss-, e.g. dat.sg. lissen) "honey" (LIS; Tolkien originally wrote lissë, VT45:28)
liscë ("k") "reed, sedge" (LT2:335)
lissë "sweet" (Nam, RGEO:66); also noun "sweetness", used metaphorically for "grace" (VT43:29, VT44:18); in this sense the word may be compounded as #Erulissë, q.v. Genitive lissëo in VT44:18. - In the entry LIS in the Etymologies, Tolkien originally gave lissë as the noun "honey", but then changed it to lis with stem liss- (VT45:28)
-lissë or -lissen ending for partitive pl. locative (Plotz); see -li
litsë "sand" (LIT)
-líva ending for partitive pl. possessive (Plotz); see -li
lívë "sickness" (SLIW)
-llo ablative ending, "from" or "out of", as in sindanóriello "out of a grey land", Rómello "from the East" (Nam), Mardello *"from Earth" (FS), ulcullo "from evil" (VT43:12), sillumello "from this hour" (VT44:35). Pl. -llon (Plotz) or -llor (in elenillor, raxellor, q.v.); dual -lto (Plotz). In the Etymologies, Tolkien cited the Quenya ablative ending as -ello, evidently including the connecting vowel -e- that may be inserted when the ending is added to a word ending in a consonant (VT45:28).
-lma pronominal ending "our", attested (with the genitive ending -o that displaces final -a) in the word omentielmo "of our meeting". Tolkien emended omentielmo to omentielvo in the Second Edition of LotR, reflecting a revision of the Quenya pronominal system (cf. Letters:447). According to VT43:14, the cluster -lm- in the endings for inclusive "we/our" was altered to -lv-. In the revised system, -lma should apparently signify exclusive "our".
-lmë pronominal ending for "we". Likely it was originally intended to be inclusive "we", including the person(s) spoken to; later Tolkien apparently made this the ending for exclusive "we" instead (cf. the changed definition of the corresponding possessive ending -lma, see above). Exemplified in laituvalmet "we shall bless them" (lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them") (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)
-lto ending for dual ablative (Plotz)
-lv- element in pronominal endings for inclusive "we/our" (VT43:14). Omentielvo "of our meeting" (q.v.) apparently includes the ending #-lva "our" with the genitive ending -o attached. The corresponding ending for inclusive "we" may be assumed to be normally *-lvë; the variant form #-lwë occurs in the verb navilwë "we judge" (VT42:34)
ló (1) "night, a night" (DO3/DÔ, VT45:28)
ló (2) form mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo but not clearly defined; possibly an independent preposition "from" (VT45:28)
loa, literally "growth", used of a solar year (= coranar) when seasonal changes are considered (Appendix D; in PM:126 loa is translated "time of growth". Pl. loar, or "löar", in MR:426) The form loa is also mentioned as the hypothetical Quenya cognate of Sindarin lô ("swampy"), but precisely because it clashed with loa "year", this Quenya cognate was not in use (VT42:10)
loc- ("lok-") "bend, loop". (May be a primitive stem rather than Quenya.) (SA:lok)
locta- ("k") "sprout, put forth leaves or flowers" (LT1:258; would have to become *lohta- in LotR-style Quenya)
loctë ("k") "blossom (of flowers in bunches or clusters)" (LT1:258; would have to become *lohtë in LotR-style Quenya)
loëndë *"year-middle", the middle (183rd) day of the year, inserted between the months of Nárië and Cermië (June and July) in the Númenórean calendar and the Steward's Reckoning (Appendix D)
*lohta- see locta-
*lohtë see loctë
loico "corpse, dead body"; loicolícuma "corpse-candle" in Markirya
[Loicorin], possibly a synonym of Ilcorin, q.v. (VT45:29)
lócë ("k") "dragon, snake, serpent, drake", older hlócë ("k") (SA:lok-, LT2:340, LOK; in the Etymologies the word is followed by "-î", whatever that is supposed to mean)
lom- "hide" (LT1:255; given in the form lomir "I hide"; read *lomin if the word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya.)
lomba "secret" (LT1:255)
lómë "dusk, twilight", also "night"; according to SD:415, the stem is lómi- (contrast the "Qenya" genitive lómen rather than **lómin in VT45:28). As for the gloss, cf. Lómion "Child of Twilight [dusk]", the Quenya name Aredhel secretly gave to Maeglin (SA). Otherwise lómë is usually defined as "night" (Letters:308, LR:41, SD:302 cf.414-15, SA:dú); the Etymologies defines lómë as "Night [as phenomenon], night-time, shades of night, Dark" (DO3/DÔ, LUM, DOMO, VT45:28), or "night-light" (VT45:28, reading of lómë uncertain). In early "Qenya" the gloss was "dusk, gloom, darkness" (LT1:255). Cf. lómelindë pl. lómelindi "nightingale" (SA:dú, LR:41; SD:302, MR:172, DO3/DÔ, LIN2, TIN). Derived adjective #lómëa "gloomy" in Lómëanor "Gloomyland"; see Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna...
lómëar "child of gloom" (pl. evidently Lómëarni) (LT1:255, 259)
lómi "clouds" (MC:214; this is "Qenya"; in LotR-style Quenya it would evidently be the pl. of lómë)
lómin "shade, shadow" (LT1:255)
lóna (1) "pool, mere" (VT42:10)
lóna (2) "island, remote land difficult to reach" (LONO (AWA) ). Obsoleted by #1 above?
[lóna (3) is a form Tolkien mentioned as the hypothetical Quenya cognate of Sindarin loen, Telerin logna adj. "soaking wet" (VT42:10), but this cognate was not in use because it clashed with #1 above. At this point, Tolkien may seem to have forgotten lóna #2.]
?lóna (4) "dark" (adj.) (DO3/DÔ). If this is to be the cognate of "Noldorin"/Sindarin dûr, as the context seems to indicate, lóna is likely a misreading for *lóra in Tolkien's manuscript.
[londa "path"], changed by Tolkien to londë "road (in sea)" (VT45:28)
londë "land-locked haven". In Alqualondë "Swan-haven" (SA), "Haven of Swan" (VT45:28). In the Etymologies, stem LOD, londë is glossed "road (in sea), entrance to harbour" (LOD) and also "fairway" (VT45:28). In VT42:10, where the stem is given as LON rather than LOD, the gloss is simply "haven".
lor- "to slumber" (LT1:259; the corresponding abstract noun lórë "slumber" is attested in Tolkien's later Quenya, so this verb must still be valid). Cf. also lor "dream" (Letters:308; probably just an Elvish "element" rather than a complete word)
-lóra ending "-less, without", as in ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45:28)
#lóralya "asleep" (VT14:5; this is "Qenya"; in later Quenya rather lorna)
lorda "drowsy, slumbrous" (LT1:259)
lórë "slumber" (LOS)
Lórellin name of the lake where the Valië Estë sleeps; apparently meaning *"Dream-lake" or *"Slumber-lake" (Silm)
Lórien (from lor-) name of a Vala, properly the place where he dwells, while his real name is Irmo (WJ:402, LOS (ÓLOS, SPAN) )
lorna "asleep" (LOS)
lossë (1) noun "snow" or adj. "snow-white" (SA:los, MC:213, VT42:18)
lossë (2) "blossom" ("usually, owing to association with olosse snow, only used of white blossom") (LOT(H) )
lossëa "snow-white" (so in VT42:18; this would be an adjective derived from lossë "snow", but elsewhere, Tolkien implies that lossë itself can also be used as an adjective "snow-white"; see lossë #1 above)
losselië "white people" (MC:216)
losta- "to bloom" (VT42:18)
lótë "flower", mostly applied to larger single flowers (LOT(H), LT1:259, VT42:18). (The shorter form -lot occurs in compounds, e.g. fúmellot, q.v.) In the names Ninquelóte *"White-flower" (= Nimloth), Vingilótë "Foam-flower", the name of Eärendil's ship (SA:loth), also in Lótessë fifth month of the year, "May" (Appendix D). See also olótë, lotsë.
lótefalmarínen "with waves crowned with flowers" (MC:220; this is "Qenya")
lotsë "small single flower" (VT42:18)
loxë ("ks") "hair" (LOK)
-lto "they", pronominal suffix occurring in Fíriel's Song (meldielto "they are beloved" and cárielto "they made"), also in LT1:114: tulielto "they have come". Probably not valid in Tolkien's later Quenya (replaced by -ntë?)
lú "a time, occasion" (LU)
#lucando (also #lucindo) "debtor, one who trespasses" (VT43:20; the words are attested in the plural: lucandor, lucindor).
#lucassë "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: lucassemmar "our trespasses")
lúcë ("k") "enchantment" (LUK)
#lucië "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: luciemmar "our trespasses")
#lucindo, see #lucando
luhta- (verb) "enchant" (LUK, VT45:29)
[#luhta (noun) "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. form luhtar, but deleted by Tolkien)]
[luina] "pale" (VT45:30)
#luinë "blue", pl. luini (Nam, RGEO:66). Apparently -luin in Helluin, name of the star Sirius, and Luinil, name of another blue-shining star (or planet). (SA; Luinil is tentatively identified with Neptune, MR:435). Cf. also menelluin *"sky-blue", used as noun = "cornflower" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193).
lumba "weary" (VT45:29)
Lumbar name of a star (or planet), tentatively identified with Saturn (MR:435), evidently connected to lumbo, lumbulë (Silm)
lumbë "gloom, shadow" (LUM)
lumbo "cloud", pl. lumbor in Markirya. In early "Qenya", lumbo was glossed "dark lowering cloud" (LT1:259)
lumbulë "(heavy) shadow" (Nam, RGEO:67)
lúmë (1) "time" (LU) or "hour", locative lúmessë (VT43:34), allative lúmenna "upon the hour", elided lúmenn' in the greeting elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo "a star shines upon the hour of our meeting", because the next word begins with a similar vowel. The complete form lúmenna omentielvo is found in WJ:367 and Letters:424. Cf. also the compounds lumenyárë and lúmequenta, q.v.; see also #sillumë.
lúmë (2) "darkness" (one wonders if Tolkien confused lúmë "time, hour" and lómë "night") (Markirya)
lumenyárë "history, chronological account" (NAR2 - read *lúmenyárë?) According to VT45:36, the manuscript spelling actually seems to be lumennyáre, but Hostetter and Wynne conclude that this is "probably a slip": The double nn would be difficult to justify.
lúmequenta ("q") "history, chronological account" (LU)
lúmequentalë ("q") "history" (LU, KWET). According to VT45:29, the accent marking the ú as a long vowel is actually missing in the entry LU in Tolkien's original Etymologies manuscript; yet it is apparently included both in the entry KWET and in the related words lúmequenta and lúmequentalëa; its omission in the entry LU is then probably a mere slip.
lúmequentalëa ("q") "historical" (LU)
lumna adj. "lying heavy, burdensome, oppressive, ominous" (DUB).
lumna- stative verb "be heavy" (LR:47, SD:310; cf. lumna- "to lie heavy" in the Etymologies, stem DUB-). A form lúvë was mentioned in conjunction with this verb, possibly a strong past tense form directly derived from the root DUB- (primitive *dûbê), but Tolkien struck it out (VT45:11).
[lúna], see lúnë
lunca "wain" (VT43:19)
lúnë (stem *lúni-, given the primitive form lugni) "blue" (LUG2, LT1:262; Namárië has #luinë). According to VT45:29, lúnë in the Etymologies was changed by Tolkien from lúna.
lúnelinquë ("q") *"blue-wet" (?), translated "surging" (MC:213, 220; this is "Qenya")
lunga "heavy" (LUG1)
lunganar "sagged" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
lunganë "bending" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
Lúnoronti "Blue Mountains" (LUG2)
luntë "boat" (LUT, MC:216), "ship" (LT1:249, LT1:255)
lúrë "dark weather" (LT1:259)
lúrëa "dark, overcast" (LT1:259)
lussa- "to whisper" (SLUS/SRUS)
lussë "a whispering sound" (SLUS/SRUS)
lusta "void, empty" (LUS)
lútë "sail" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
lútier "sailed" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
lúto "flood" (LT1:249)
lutta- "flow, float" (LT1:249)
lutu- "flow, float" (LT1:249)
lúva "bow" (Appendix E)
[lúvë, see lumna-]
luvu- "lower, brood" (LT1:259)
#-lva pronominal ending, "our", inclusive. Only attested in the genitive -lvo in the word omentielvo (see -lma). (FG)
lyá (Narqelion)
-lya pronominal suffix "thy, your" in tielyanna "upon your path" (UT:22 cf. 51), caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" (VT41:17), esselya "thy name" (VT43:14) and, in Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer, in the various translations of "thy kingdom": aranielya in the final version, earlier turinastalya, túrinastalya, turindielya, túrindielya (VT43:15), and in indómelya (changed from mendelya) "thy will" (VT43:15-16)
-lyë 2nd person sg. ending: "thou", hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" (Nam, RGEO:67). The ending also occurs in alyë, the imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix (VT43:17); see a #3.

[LinBau]

<M>
ma neuter personal pronoun "something, a thing" (VT42:34)
má "hand" (MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, [VT45:30]); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested with a pronominal suffix: máryat "his/her (pair of) hands" (see -rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO:67), pl. allative mannar "into hands" (FS). Cf. -maitë "-handed".
#mac- ("k") "hew with a sword" (VT39:11, where the aorist macë is given); cf. early "Qenya" mac- ("k") "slay" (LT1:259)
maca- ("k") "to forge metal" (which rang at the stokes of hammers). (VT41:10; in this source this is suggested as the origin of the word macil "sword", but mac- above would also seem to be relevant, so Tolkien may have changed his mind about the precise etymology of macil.)
máca "each, every" (GL:41); rather ilya in Tolkien's later Quenya
Macalaurë ("Makalaurë"), masc. name, the mother-name (never used in narrative) of Canafinwë = Maglor (PM:353, MAK); his Sindarin name is seen to be based on his mother-name. In the Etymologies, Macalaurë is interpreted "Gold-cleaver" (MAK)
macar ("k") (1) "swordsman" (VT39:11). In Menelmacar (see menel). According to VT41:10, macar is literally "forger" (derived from maca-, q.v.), "often used in later use of a warrior".
macar ("k") (2) "tradesman" (MBAKH)
macil ("k") "sword" (MAK, LT1:259, VT39:11, VT45:32)
mahalma "throne", nominative pl. mahalmar "thrones" and locative pl. mahalmassen in CO. Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399)
Máhan (pl. Máhani attested in WJ:402), one of the eight chiefs of the Valar (Adopted and adapted from Valarin, but usually translated as Aratar) Máhanaxar the "Doom Ring" of Aman; adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)
mahta- (1) "wield a weapon" (MAK), "to handle, wield, manage" (VT39:10). In an earlier version of the entry MAK in the Etymologies, Tolkien first glossed mahta- as "slay [or kill] with sword", then changed it to "fight with sword" (VT45:30-31)
[mahta-] (2) verb "trade", changed by Tolkien to manca-, q.v. (VT45:33)
mahtar "warrior" (MAK; original gloss "swordsman", VT45:32)
mai "if" (PE14:59)
Maia pl. Maiar "the Beautiful" (MR:49), the lesser (= non-Vala) Ainur that entered Eä. Variant Máya in VT42:13, pl. Máyar in PM:363, 364 (is Máya to be understood as the older form of Maia?)
maica ("k") "sharp, piercing" (SA:maeg), cf. hendumaica; also noun maica ("k") "blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade" (VT39:11)
mailë "lust" (MIL-IK)
mailëa "lustful" (MIL-IK)
mairo "horse" (GL:56; later sources have rocco)
maita "hungry" (VT39:11)
maitë (stem *maiti-, given the primitive form ma3iti) "handed" in Angamaitë, hyarmaitë, morimaitë, Telemmaitë, q.v. Etym gives maitë pl. maisi "handy, skilled" (MA3)
Maitimo "well-shaped one", mother-name (never used in narrative) of Nelyafinwë = Maedhros (PM:353)
maivoinë "great longing" (LT2:345)
maiwë "gull" (MIW), pl. maiwi in Markirya. Cf. also the "Qenya" pl. maiwin "gulls" (MC:213)
mal "but" (VT43:23)
malarauco "balrog, demon" (RUK - rather valarauco in Tolkien's later Quenya)
malcanë ("k") "torture" (LT1:250)
Malcaraucë "balrog", also Valkaraucë ("k") (LT1:250; in Tolkien's later Quenya Valarauco)
malda "gold" (as metal - but LotR gives malta, q.v., and according to VT46:14 the form malta originally appeared in the Etymologies as well) (SMAL)
malina "yellow" (SMAL, Letters:308); Malinalda *"Yellow-tree", a name of Laurelin (SA:mal-; evidently malina + alda). The translation "Tree of Gold" in the Silmarillion Index is free; malina means "yellow", not "gold(en)". Cf. malinornélion "of yellow-trees"; see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... (LotR2:III ch. 4; cf. Letters:308). Malinornélion is partitive pl. genitive of malinornë "mallorn" (UT:167, normal pl. malinorni, UT:168).
malinai (Narqelion)
mallë pl. maller "street, road" (MBAL, LR:47, 56, LT1:263, SD:310)
málo "friend" (MEL)
malo (stem *malu-, given the primitive form smalu) "pollen, yellow powder" (SMAL)
málos "forest" (LT2:342 - rather taurë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
malta "gold", also name of tengwa #18 (Appendix E). Does this obsolete the form malda in the Etymologies, stem SMAL? (According to VT46:14, the form malta originally appeared in the Etymologies as well.)
malwa "fallow, pale" (SMAL)
máma "sheep" (WJ:395)
mámandil *"sheep-friend" (máma + -ndil), i.e. "shepherd"? (UT:209)
mamil "mother" (UT:191)
man "who" (Nam, RGEO:67, FS, LR:59, Markirya, MC:213, 214); cf. PM:357 note 18, where a reference is made to the Eldarin interrogative element ma, man). However, man is translated "what" in LR:59: man-ië? "what is it?" (LR:59; the stative-verb suffix -ië is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya) Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers both "who" and "what". Cf. also mana, manen.
mána "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v.
mana a word translated "what is" in the sentence mana i-coimas Eldaron[?] "what is the coimas (lembas) of the Eldar?" (PM:395, a variant reading in PM:403) Either it is *ma "what" + ná "is", or mana may itself be a unitary word "what", and there is not really any word meaning "is" in the sentence.
manaquenta "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)
manar "doom, final end, fate, fortune" (usually = final bliss) (MANAD (under MAN), VT45:32)
manca- ("k") "trade" (MBAKH, VT45:33)
mancalë ("k") "commerce" (MBAKH; this form apparently replaced mahtalë, cf. mahta- #2 [VT45:33])
mandë "doom, final end, fate, fortune" (usually = final bliss) (MANAD, under MAN)
mando "custody, safe keeping" (MR:350) or "prison, duress" (in Mandos, see below) (SA:band); Mando "the Imprisoner or Binder", usually lenghtened Mandos. In a deleted version of the entry MBAD of the Etymologies, Tolkien gave mando the meaning "doomsman, judge" instead of "custody" (MBAD (ÑGUR, GOS/GOTH, SPAN), VT45:33)
Mandos (Mandost-) "Castle of Custody" (the approximate meaning, according to MR:350) Used as the name of a Vala, properly the place where he dwells (the Halls of Mandos), while his real name is Námo (WJ:402). In the Etymologies, Mandos (also Mandossë) is interpreted somewhat differently, "Dread Imprisoner" (MBAD (MANAD),VT45:32) or in a deleted version "Dread Doom" (VT45:33, where Mandos was asigned the stem Mandosse-). See also Mando.
mandu "abyss" (MC:214; this is "Qenya" - Tolkien's later Quenya has undumë)
mandulómi "hell-shadows" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
mánë "a spirit that has gone to the Valar or to Erumáni" (LT1:260)
manë "good (moral)" (sc. *"good in a moral sense") (LT1:260)
manen "how" (PM:395)
manna "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32)
mannar "into (the) hands", allative pl. of má. (FS)
mantë pa.t. of mat-, mata-, q.v.
manquë, manquenta "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë - spelt manque in the source - is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)
manu "departed spirit" (MAN)
Manwë "Blessed Being" (Letters:283), adopted from Valarin Mânawenûz; names ending in -wë were already frequent in Quenya (WJ:399). In the Etymologies derived from MAN, WEG. Cf. Mánwen, Mánwë the oldest Quenya forms of Manwë, closer to the Valarin form (WJ:399). Lower-case manwë in LR:56. In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, Manwë was also the name of letter #22 (VT45:32), which tengwa Tolkien would later call vala instead - changing its Quenya value from m to v.
mapa- "grasp, seize" (MAP; according to LT2:339 this word was struck out in the "Gnomish Lexicon" [where it was quoted as the cognate of certain Gnomish words], but it reappears in the Etymologies.)
#maquet- *"ask", only attested in the past tense: maquentë (PM:403)
mar "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling"; stem mard- (VT46:13) also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo. May be more or less identical with már "home, house" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33). Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251)
mar- "abide, be settled or fixed" (UT:317); maruvan "I will abide" (mar-uva-n "abide-will-I") (EO). Cf. termar-.
Mar-nu-Falmar "Home under Waves", name of the sunken Númenor (Silm)
mára "useful, fit, good" (of things) (MAG; see MA3; Arct, VT42:34, VT45:30)
maranwë "destiny" (MBARAT)
#mardë "hall"; only pl. mardi is attested (Nam, RGEO:66)
Mardil masc. name, "(one) devoted to the house", sc. of the kings (Appendix A; interpreted in Letters:386)
mardo "dweller" (LT1:251)
Mardorunando "Redeemer of the world" (VT44:17). Unless the initial element mardo- is a distinct and otherwise unattested word for "world", it may be the genitive form of mar (mard-) "earth", q.v.
María "Mary" (Maria; Tolkien based the Quenya form on the Latin pronunciation) (VT43:28; Maria with no explicit long vowel in VT44:18)
márië "it is good" (FS; from mára "good"; however, the stative-verb suffix -ië is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya)
maril "glass, crystal" (VT46:13; if this is to be the same word as the second element of Silmaril, the stem would be marill-, cf. pl. Silmarilli)
marilla "pearl" (LT1:265)
mart "a piece of luck" (LT2:348; in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rt. Read marto, as in LT2:348?)
mart- "it happens" (impersonal) (LT2:348 - read marta-?)
marta adj. "fey, fated" (MBARAT) or noun "fate" (VT45:33, VT46:13)
Martalmar (name) (TALAM)
Martan, Martano "Earth-smith", "Earthbuilder", a surname of Aule (TAN, GAWA/GOWO - the form Martanô given under MBAR must be understood as primitive)
marto "fortune, fate, lot" (LT2:348)
martya- "destine" (MBARAT)
marya "pale, fallow, fawn" (MAD)
-mas element in placenames, equivalent to English -ton, -by (LT1:251; may or may not be valid in Tolkien's later Quenya)
#massa "bread" (massamma "our bread", VT43:18); massánië "breadgiver", used as a title of the highest woman among any Elvish people, since she had the keeping and gift of the coimas (lembas). Also simply translated "Lady" (PM:404)
masta "bread" (MBAS, PM:404; later sources have massa). Mastamma "our bread" (VT43:18). In the Etymologies, Tolkien emended the gloss of masta from "dough" to "bread" (VT45:33).
masta- "bake" (MBAS)
masto "village" (LT1:251)
mat- "eat" (MAT, VT45:32), also given as mata- (VT39:5), pa.t. mantë "ate" (VT39:7)
maur "dream, vision" (LT1:261)
maurë "need" (MBAS)
mausta "compulsion" (MBAW)
mauya- "compel" (MBAW)
mavar "shepherd" (LT1:268, GL:58)
mavoitë "having hands" (LT2:339)
maxa ("ks") "pliant, soft" (MASAG, VT45:32)
maxë ("ks") "dough" (MASAG, VT45:32)
#Máya pl. Máyar, see Maia
*mbelekôro is mentioned as "the oldest Q form" of Melkor; this is obviously a form that belongs to Common Eldarin rather than Quenya as we know it; note that it is asterisked as unattested (WJ:402)
me object pronoun "us" (but likely it can also function as the subject form "we") (VT43:23, VT44:9)), mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" (LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21). Álamë "do not [do something to] us", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed (VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us"), ámen "do [something for] us", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed (ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18). Dual met "us (two)" (Nam). Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 (also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source). See also ménë, ómë.
mëar "gore" (LT1:260)
mectar ("k") "Swordsman". In Telimectar ("k"). (LT1:268; in LotR-style Quenya mehtar, also macar)
mel- "love (as friend)" (MEL); melánë "I love", a doubtful word in Tolkien's later Quenya; read perhaps *mélanyë or *melanyë (LR:70)
méla "loving, affectionate" (VT39:10)
Melcor (so spelt in MR:362) see Melkor
melda "beloved, dear, sweet" (MEL, VT45:34); meldielto "they are beloved" (sc. meld-ië-lto "beloved-are-they" - both the stative verb ending -ië "is/are" and the ending -lto "they" may be obsolete in LotR-style Quenya) (FS)
#meldë *"friend", feminine (meldenya *"my friend" in the Elaine inscription, Tolkien referring to Elaine Griffiths)
meldo "friend, lover". (VT45:34, quoting a deleted entry in the Etymologies, but cf. the pl. #meldor in Eldameldor "Elf-lovers", WJ:412) It may be that meldo is the masculine form corresponding to feminine #meldë.
meles, melessë "love" (LT1:262; rather melmë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
meletyalda "your mighty" = "your majesty" (see -lda; meletya = *"mighty"). In full Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" (WJ:369)
melima "loveable, fair" (MEL, VT45:34); Melimar a name of the Lindar (in Tolkien's former conception = the later Vanyar, not the Teleri) (MEL)
melin "dear" (MEL)
melindo "lover" (m.) (MEL)
melissë "lover" (f.) (MEL)
Melko "Mighty One", name of the rebellious Vala, usually called Melkor (MIL-IK, MOR; FS - MR:350 confirms that the form Melko is still valid in Tolkien's later Quenya, though not interpreted "Greedy One" as in the Etymologies)
Melkor (spelt Melcor in MR:362), the rebellious Vala, the devil of the Silmarillion mythos. Older (MET) form Melkórë "Mighty-rising" (hence the interpretation "He that arises in power"). Oldest form *mbelekôro (WJ:402). Melkorohíni "Children of Melkor", Orcs ("but the wiser say: nay, the slaves of Melkor; but not his children, for Melkor had no children") (MR:416)
melmë "love" (noun) (MEL)
melwa "lovely" (LT1:262)
men (1) "(for) us", dative form of me, q.v.
men (2) "way" (SA) or "place, spot" (MEN)
men (3) "who", evidently a misreading or miswriting for man (MC:221, in Markirya)
ména "region" (MEN)
#mendë "will", only attested in mendelya "thy will" (VT43:15)
ménë "on us" (SD:310; compare me "us")
Menel "heavens" (Markirya, SA), "the heavens, the firmament" (SD:401), "the apparent dome in the sky" (MR:387). Found in names like Meneldil *"Heaven-friend" = astronomer (Appendix A; Letters:386), Meneldur masc. name, *"Heaven-servant" (Appendix A); menelluin *"sky-blue", used as noun = "cornflower" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193). Menelmacar "Swordsman of the Sky", the Orion constellation (also called Telumehtar, Appendix E, first footnote); the older name was Menelmacil *"Heaven-sword" (WJ:411); Meneltarma "Pillar of Heaven", name of the great central mountain of Númenor (SA:tar, VT42:21). Menelya fifth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the heavens (Appendix D) Locative meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menellë, menelzë (VT43:12, 16). Adj. meneldëa "(being) in heaven", evidently based on a locative form meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menelzëa, menellëa, menelessëa (VT43:13, VT44:16; the last of these forms would suggest the locative form #menelessë).
mennai "until" (VT14:5; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather tenna)
menta- "send, cause to go" (in a desired direction) (VT41:6, VT43:15), also noun menta = "sending" or "message" as in sanwe-menta "thought-sending, mental message" (VT41:5)
mentë "point, end" (MET)
menya (pl. menyë is attested) "our", 1st person pl. exclusive independent possessive pronoun (VT43:19, 35). Evidently derived from the dative form men "for us" by adding the adjectival ending -ya. Compare ninya, q.v.
mëoi "cat", a somewhat strange word by the standards of Tolkien's later Quenya (no other cases of final -oi in the singular). Some would read *mëo, if the word is to be used in LotR-style Quenya. Vardo Mëoita "Prince of Cats"; mëoita here seems to be a kind of adjective rather than a genitive (LT2:348).
mer- "wish, desire, want" (the form merë given in Etym seems to be the 3rd person sg. aorist, *"wishes, desires, wants"); pa.t. mernë (MER)
[merca ("k") "wild, untamed" (MERÉK, VT45:34)]
meren (merend-), merendë "feast, festival" (MBER; Tolkien first gave the stem-form of meren as mern- before emending it to merend-, VT45:33-34)
merya "festive" (MBER)
meryalë "holiday" (MBER)
mesta ?"journey" (Arct)
met "us (two)", including the dual ending -t. Me (LR:56) evidently means "we".
Metelairë alternative name of August (PM:135)
Meterrívë alternative name of January (PM:135)
métima "last" (Markirya), in Markirya also twice métim', since the following words (auressë, andúnë) begin in an a.
metta "end"; Ambar-metta "world-end, the end of the world" (EO); mettarë *"end-day" = New Years' Eve in the Númenórean calendar and the Steward's Reckoning, not belonging to any month (Appendix D)
metya- "put an end to" (MET)
mi "in, within" (MI, VT27:20, VT44:18, 34, VT43:30; the latter source also mentions the variant imi); mí "in the" (Nam, RGEO:66; CO gives mi; the correct forms should evidenly be mi = "in" and mí = mi i "in the"). Allative minna "to the inside, into" (MI), also mina (VT43:30). The forms mimmë and mingwë seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"in us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual instead (see -mmë). Second person forms are also given: mil or milyë *"in you" (sg.), millë "in you" (pl.) (VT43:36). A special use of mi appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins" (VT44:18); here mi appears superfluous to achieve the desired meaning, but this combination of singular noun + mi + plural genitive noun may be seen as a fixed idiom expressing that the initial noun represents the most prominent member of a class.
mici ("k") "among" (VT43:30)
mil, see mi
milca ("k") "greedy" (MIL-IK)
milmë "desire, greed" (MIL-IK)
milya (1) adj. "soft, gentle, weak" (VT45:34)
milya- (2) verb "long for" (MIL-IK)
milyë, see mi
millë, see mi
min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34)
mina "into" (VT43:30); see minna
mína adj. "desiring to start, eager to go", also verb mína- "desire to go in some direction, to wish to go to a place, make for it, have some end in view" (VT39:11)
Minalcar masc. name, *"First-glory" (Appendix A)
Minardil masc.name *"minar[?]-friend". Perhaps minar is to be understood as a variant of minas (s being voiced to z by contact with the voiced plosive that follows, and then regularly becoming r); if so, the name means *"Tower-friend" (Appendix A)
minassë, noun "fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower" (VT42:24)
Minastan masc.name, *"Tower-maker" (Appendix A)
Minastir masc. name, *"Tower-watcher" (Appendix A)
minasurie "enquiry" (Þ; the word is actually cited as minaþurie) in Ondonóre Nómesseron Minaþurie "Enquiry into the Place-names of Gondor". The editor tentatively analyzes minaþurie as #mina "into" + #þurie (#surië) "seeking" (VT42:17, 30-31).
minda "prominent, conspicuous" (MINI)
mindë "turret" (VT42:24)
mindo "isolated tower" (MINI)
Mindolluin *"Blue Tower" (mindon + luin), name of a mountain. (Christopher Tolkien translates the name as "Towering Blue-head" in the Silmarillion Index, but this seems to be based on the questionable assumption that it includes the Sindarin element dol "head, hill". Unless this translation is given in his father's papers, the name is better explained as a Quenya compound.)
mindon "(great, lofty) tower", said to be an augmented form of mindë (VT42:24). Allative pl. mindoninnar in Markirya, changed to the contracted form mindonnar. Cf. also Mindon Eldaliéva "Lofty Tower of the Eldalië" (Silm)
minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)
minga-ránar "in waning-moon" (locative -r) (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
minna "to the inside, into" (also mir) (MI); variant mina "into" (VT43:30), possibly occurring, compounded, in minasurie, q.v.
Minnónar "First-born", Elves (as contrasted to Apanónar, the After-born, Men). Sg. #Minnóna (WJ:403)
minquë ("q") "eleven" (MINIK-W, LT1:260)
minta "inwards, [?into]" (Tolkien's gloss is not certainly legible). Also mitta. (VT45:34)
mintë "small" (VT45:35)
mintya (Narqelion)
minya "first" (MINI) (cf. Minyatur); "eminent, prominent" (VT42:24, 25). Minyar "Firsts", the original name of the Vanyar (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original Primitive Quendian name) (WJ:380)
Minyarussa "First-russa" (VT41:10)
Minyatur "First-ruler"; Tar-Minyatur "High First-ruler", title of Elros as the first King of Númenor (SA:minas, PM:348, SA:tur)
miquilis ("q") "kisses" (noun) (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
mir (1) "to the inside, into" (also minna) (MI)
mir (2) "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)
mírë "jewel" (MIR, SA:mîr). Cf. Elemmírë; short form -mir in Tar-Atanamir. (SA:mîr)
Míriel *"Jewel-woman" (Silm), genitive Míriello (see namna)
miril (mirill-, as in pl. mirilli) "shining jewel" (MBIRIL)
mirilya- "glitter" (MBIRIL)
mirima "free" (MIS)
Mirimor *"the Free", a name of the Teleri; sg. #Mirimo (MIS)
mirroanwi "incarnates, those (spirits) 'put into flesh' "; sg. *mirroanwë (MR:350)
miruvor, full form miruvórë "mead", "a special wine or cordial"; possessive miruvóreva "of mead" (Nam, RGEO:66; WJ:399). In the "Qenya Lexicon", miruvórë was defined "nectar, drink of the Valar" (LT1:261).
mis "less" (PE14:80)
misil (changed by Tolkien from misilya) *"silver (jewel-like) brilliance" (VT27:20, 27; this is "Qenya")
[missë] "wet, damp, rain" (VT45:35)
mista "grey"; see lassemista
mista- "stray about" (MIS)
mistë "fine rain" (MIZD, VT45:35)
mitra, see mitsa
mitsa "small" (VT45:35) Another synonym from the same source, mitra, looks unusual for a Quenya word (because of the medial cluster tr)
mitta- (1) "insert" (VT43:30)
mitta- (2) "between" (VT43:30; the final hyphen may suggest that suffixes would normally follow)
mitta (3) "piece" (VT45:81)
mitta (4) "inwards, [?into]" (Tolkien's gloss is not certainly legible). Also minta. (VT45:34)
Mittalmar the "Midlands" of Númenor (UT:165). May incorporate mitta- "between" and hence *"in the middle".
mittanya- "to lead" (+ allative: lead into) (VT43:10, 22; Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of tulya-)
mitya "interior" (adj) (MI)
miulë "whining, mewing" (MIW)
mixa ("ks") "wet" (MISK)
-mmë pronominal ending, at one conceptual stage exclusive "we", seen in vammë "we won't" (WJ:371), firuvammë "we will die" (VT43:34), etemmë ?"out of us" (VT43:36). Also compare the corresponding emphatic pronoun emmë (q.v.). Tolkien later redefined -mmë as the ending for dual "we" (VT43:6); it is unclear whether this form is inclusive or exclusive, or whether this distinction is upheld in the dual pronouns. If it is, -mmë is most likely exclusive (connecting with the dual pronoun met in Namárië). The ending -lmë replaced -mmë in its former (plural exclusive) sense.
mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone" (VT42:34)
-mo ending frequent in names and titles, sometimes with an agental significance (WJ:400)
moc- ("k") "hate" (given as mocir ["k"] "I hate" in LT1:258; read *mocin if the word is to be adapted to Tolkien's later Quenya)
moia- "labour, be afflicted" (VT43:31)
moica ("k") "gentle, soft" (GL:58)
moilë "tarn" (LT2:349)
moina (1) "familiar, dear" (MOY (MUY) )
moina (2) "safe, secure" (GL:58; this "Qenya" word is evidently obsoleted by # 1 above. This second moina seems to reappear as muina "hidden, secret" in Tolkien's later Quenya.)
mól "slave, thrall" (MÔ, VT43:31)
mólanoldorin "the language of the Noldor enslaved by Morgoth" (MÔ) (Changed from múlanoldorin.)
#móna "womb" (isolated from mónalyo "of thy womb") (VT43:31)
mor "darkness" (Letters:308; probably just an Elvish "element" rather than a complete word; Namárië has mornië for "darkness")
morco ("k") "bear" (MORÓK)
mordo (1) "shadow, obscurity, stain" (MOR)

[LinBau]

mordo (2) "warrior, hero" (LT1:268 - probably obsoleted by # 1 above)
morë "black" (MOR), "dark, darkness" (Letters:282). In compounds the stem-form mori- (q.v.) appears, since the primitive form was mori.
mórë "blackness, dark, night, darkness" (MOR, MC:214), also given with a short vowel: morë "dark, darkness" (Letters:282). If this is the initial element of Morinehtar "Darkness-slayer" (PM:384, 385), it would seem to have the stem-form mori-, though mori- is normally the adjective "dark, black" (see below).
mori- "dark, black" in a number of compounds (independent form morë, q.v.): Morimando "Dark Mando" = Mandos (MBAD, VT45:33), morimaitë "black-handed" (LotR3:VI ch. 6). Moriquendi "Dark Elves" (SA:mor, WJ:361, 373), Moringotto "Black Foe", Sindarin Morgoth. The oldest form is said to have been Moriñgotho (MR:194). Morion "the dark one", a title of Morgoth (FS). Morifinwë "dark Finwë", masc. name; he was called Caranthir in Sindarin (short Quenya name Moryo). (PM:353) In the name Morinehtar, translated "Darkness-slayer", the initial element is defined would thus seem to signify "darkness" rather than "dark" as an adjective (see mórë). (PM:384, 385)
móri "dark" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë)
mori "night" (LT1:261, in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë)
morilindë "nightingale" (MOR)
morion "son of the dark" (LT1:261). In Fíriel's Song, Morion is translated "dark one", referring to Melko(r); this may be a distinct formation not including the patronymic ending -ion "son", but rather the masculine ending -on added to the adjective morë, mori- "dark".
Mormacil ("k") "Black-sword" (name of Túrin, Sindarin Mormegil) (MAK)
morna "dark, black" (Letters:282, LT1:261) or "gloomy, sombre" (MOR). In tumbalemorna (Letters:282), q.v. Pl. mornë in Markirya (the first version of this poem had "green rocks", MC:215, changed to ondolisse mornë "upon dark rocks" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8).
mornië "darkness" (Nam, RGEO:67). Early "Qenya" also has Mornië "Black Grief", "the black ship that plies between Mandos and Erumáni" (LT1:261). This is probably a compound of mor- "black" and nië "tear".
morqua "black" (LT1:261; also morna in LotR-style Quenya)
moru- "to hide" (LT1:261)
Moryo see Morifinwë
móta- "labour, toil" (MÔ)
motto "blot" (MBOTH)
muilë "secrecy" (MUY)
muina "hidden, secret" (MUY)
[múlanoldorin] "the language of the Noldor enslaved by Morgoth" (MÔ) (Changed by Tolkien to mólanoldorin.)
mundo (1) "bull" (Letters:422)
mundo (2) "snout, nose, cape" (MBUD)
munta "nothing" (PE14:81)
murmë "slumber" (LT1:261)
murmëa "slumbrous" (LT1:261)
muru- "to slumber" (LT1:261)
mussë "soft" (VT:39:17), also used as a noun (perhaps primarily in the pl. form mussi) with the same meaning as mussë tengwi, see below. (VT39:17)
#mussë tengwë phrase only attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi ("ñ") "soft elements", a term for vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). (In the pl. we would rather expect *mussi tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) (VT39:17)

<N>
-n (1) dative ending, as in nin, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths. Pl. -in, partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz)
-n (2), also -nyë, pronominal ending, 1st person sg. "I", as in utúlien "I am come" (EO)
-n (3) a plural sign used in some of the case endings (WJ:407): Pl. genitive -on, pl. ablative -llon (but also -llor), pl. locative -ssen.
n-alalmino (twice in Narqelion; perhaps ne + alalmino)
ná (1) "is" (Nam, RGEO:67), future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34) .See also nai.
ná (2), also nán, "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" (NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am"). Short na in aire [] na, "[] is holy" (VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of [].)
na (1) form of the verb "to be", evidently the imperative (or subjunctive): Tolkien stated that na airë would mean "be holy" (VT43:14), and san na (q.v.) must mean "thus be" = "let it be so"; see ná. Cf. also the sentence alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34). Inserted in front of a verb, na expresses a wish: aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" (ibid).
na (2) "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NÂ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).
[na-] (3) a prefix occurring in the Markirya poem, changed by Tolkien to a-, q.v.
nac- ("k") "bite" (NAK)
naham- "to summon", passive participle nahamna "summoned" (also in LR:47). Tolkien tentatively considered the alternative forms nahom- with pp. nahomna or natyam- with pp. natyamna; as the passive participle he also considered the form nahemna (cf. nahémë under nahámë below) (VT45:21)
nahámë noun "summons". Tolkien tentatively considered the alternative forms natyámë or nahémë (VT45:21)
Nahar the name of Oromë's horse, adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:401)
nahemna, see naham-
nahom-, nahomna, see naham-
nahta (1) "a bite" (NAK)
nahta (2) "eighteen" (PE14:17)
nai (1) "be it that", used with a future tense-verb to express a wish. The translation "maybe" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië is somewhat misleading; he used "be it that" in the interlinear translation in RGEO:67. Nai hiruvalyë Valimar! Nai elyë hiruva! *"May thou find Valimar. May even thou find it!" (Nam). Nai tiruvantes "be it that they will guard it" > "may they guard it" (CO)
nai (2) "alas" (NAY; may be obsoleted by # 1 above - in LotR-style Quenya, ai is to be preferred)
naica "dagger" (GL:37)
#naicando (and #naico, both attested as plural forms in -or) "sinner" (VT43:33; Tolkien may have abandoned these forms i favour of #úcarindo)
naicë ("k") "sharp pain" (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquë ("q") (VT45:37)
naicelë ("k") "sharp pain" (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquelë ("q") (VT45:37)
naicelëa ("k") "painful" (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquelëa ("q") (VT45:37)
naico (1) "sinner"; see naicando
naico (2) ("k") "of hill(s)" () (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
naina- "lament" (verb) (NAY), also reduplicated nainaina- (VT45:37). Noun nainië "lament" (RGEO:66)
nainaina-, see naina-
[naiquë, naiquelë, naiquelëa] ("q"), see naicë, naicelë, naicelëa
Naira "Heart of Flame", a name of the Sun (MR:198)
nairë "lament" (noun) (NAY)
nal, nallë "dale, dell" (LT1:261)
nalda "valley" used as an adjective (LT1:261)
nalla (Narqelion)
nalláma, nallama "echo" (LAM)
[nalmë] ("ñ") "clamour" (ÑGAL/ÑGALAM)
nalta ("ñ") "radiance, glittering reflection" (from jewels, glass or polished metals, or water) (PM:347)
Ñaltariel true Quenya form of Galadriel; the form actually used was Altariel, Quenyarized from Telerin Alatáriel(lë). (PM:347)
#nam- "judge", attested in the 1st person aorist: namin "I judge" (VT41:13). Compare Námo.
náma "a judgement" or "a desire" (VT41:13)
námië "(a single) judgement", "(a single) desire" (VT41:13)
namárië "farewell" (Nam, RGEO:67)
namba "a hammer" (NDAM), verb namba- "to hammer" (NDAM). According to VT45:37, Tolkien may have considered the alternative form lamba, but the source is obscure and lamba is assigned a quite different meaning ("tongue") elsewhere.
Nambarauto "hammerer of copper [> metal]", masc. name (S Damrod) (RAUTÂ)
namna "statute"; Namna Finwë Míriello "the Statute of Finwë and Míriel" (MR:258)
Námo (1) "Judge", name of a Vala, normally called Mandos, properly the place where he dwells (WJ:402)
námo (2) "a person, somebody" (PM:340 - use rather quen to avoid confusion with # 1)
nan "but" (FS); the Etymologies also gives ná, nán (NDAN), but these words may be confused with forms of the verb "to be", so nan should perhaps be preferred, unless for "but" one uses the wholly distinct word mal.
nan (nand-) "woodland" (LT1:261)
nan- (prefix) "backwards" (NDAN)
Nanar "Green-elves, *Danians", sg. *Nana (DAN)
nanda "water-mead, watered plain" (NAD)
nanda- ("ñ") "to harp" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)
nandaro ("ñ") "harper" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)
nandë (1) "valley" in Laurenandë (UT:253); also nan, nand- "valley" (Letters:308); Nan-Tasarion "Vale of Willows" (LotR2:III ch. 4) (Note that this and the next nandë would be spelt differently in Tengwar writing, and originally they were also pronounced differently, since nandë "harp" was ñandë in First Age Quenya.)
nandë (2) ("ñ") "harp" (noun) (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD; according to VT46:3, Tolkien changed the final vowel from -a to -ë)
nandelë ("ñ") "harping" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)
nandellë ("ñ") "little harp" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)
nandin "fay of the country" (LT1:261)
#Nando pl. Nandor name of the Green-elves (Laiquendi). The primitive word *ndandô, whence Quenya Nando, implied "one who goes back on his word or decision", since the Nandor left the March from Cuiviénen to Aman. Adj. Nandorin. (WJ:412)
nangwa "jaw" (NAK)
[nar], see [narwë]
nár "flame", also nárë (NAR1). Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o)
naraca ("k") "harsh, rending, violent" (NÁRAK; according to VT45:37, Tolkien added a qualification that is not certainly legible: "of [?sounds]")
narca- ("k") "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)
narda "knot" (SNAR)
nárë, also short nár, "flame" (NAR1, Narqelion). Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o)
Nárië sixth month of the year, "June" (Appendix D); derived from the stem (a)nar- having to do with fire or sun.
Narmacil masc. name, *"Flame-sword" (Appendix A)
narmo ("ñ") "wolf" (ÑGAR(A)M; both the old form ñarmo = *ngarmo and the Third Age form narmo are given)
Narquelië tenth month of the year, "October" (Appendix D); the word seems to mean "Fire-waning", "Sun-waning". Compare narquelion ("q"), q.v.
Narquelion ("q") "fire-fading, autumn" (FS, Narqelion, KWEL, (LAS1), "nar-qelion", VT45:24); simply translated "Fading" in LR:72.
Narsil (Þ) the sword of Elendil, compound of the stems seen in Anar "Sun" and Isil "Moon"; see Letters:425 for etymology
Narsilion (Þ) "(the song) of the Sun and Moon"; actually the stems of the words for Sun and Moon compounded (see Narsil above) and a plural genitive ending added (Silm)
narta- "kindle" (VT45:37)
Narvinyë first month of the year, "January". The word seems to mean "New Fire/Sun". (Appendix D)
*narwa "fiery red" (only the archaic form narwâ is given) (NAR1)
[narwë (and short nar, unless this is an incomplete form) "sign, token"] (VT45:37)
Narya name of the Red Ring, the Ring of Fire; apparently properly an adjective, so that the meaning is something like "Fiery (One)" (SA:nár)
násan, see násië
nasar "red" (in Vanyarin Quenya only). Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)
násië "amen", "may it be so" (VT43:24, 35. As a translation of "amen", Tolkien apparently abandoned the earlier form násan and the two-word variant san na, VT43:24)
nassë "thorn, spike" (NAS)
nasta "spear-head, spear-point, gore, triangle" (SNAS/SNAT; see VT46:14 about second gloss being "spear-point" and not simply "point" as in the printed Etymologies), "prick, point, stick, thrust" (NAS)
nasta- "prick, sting" (NAS)
nat "thing" (NÂ2); compare únat
natsë "web, net" (NAT)
nattira- "despise" (or perhaps the stem proper should only be #nattir-) (VT44:8)
natyam-, natyamna, see naham-
natyámë, see nahámë
nauca ("k") "stunted" (VT39:7), adjective especially applied to things that though in themselves full-grown were smaller or shorter than their kind, and were hard, twisted or ill-shapen (WJ:413) In early "Qenya", nauca was the noun "dwarf" (LT1:261), but this noun is rather nauco in Tolkien's later Quenya.
Nauco ("k") "Dwarf" (capitalized in WJ:388, but not in Etym, stem NAUK). Naucalië (not *Naucolië) the "Dwarf-people" as a whole. From nauca. See also Picinaucor.
naulë "wolf-howl" (ÑGAW; this must represent earlier *ñaulë = *ngaulë; these forms are not given in Etym, but compare ñauro below. In Tengwar writing, the initial N would be represented by the letter noldo, not númen.)
nauro ("ñ") "werewolf" (ÑGAW)
nausë (Þ) "imagination" (NOWO)
nauta "bound, obliged" (NUT)
nauva "will be" (VT42:34); see ná.
#nav- "judge" (cited in the form navë, apparently the 3rd person aorist). Also given with pronominal suffixes: navin *"I judge" (Tolkien's free translation: "I think"), navilwë "we judge" (VT42:34)
náva ("ñ") "mouth", apparently not only the lips but also the inside of the mouth (VT39:13 cf. 8). Possibly, but probably not, the same element that is translated "hollow" in Návarot, q.v.
Návarot "Nogrod" (< Novrod), Hollowbold, name of a dwelling of the Dwarves (WJ:389). If the element that is here translated náva is the same as náva "mouth", the initial n comes from earlier ng (ñ) and should be represented by the letter noldo rather than númen in Tengwar writing. However, Tolkien in WJ:414 reconstructs the primitive form of the náva in Návarot as *nâbâ rather than **ngâbâ or **ngâwâ (the likely source of náva "mouth"), so this appears doubtful. The initial n of Návarot should evidently be represented by the letter númen in Tengwar writing.
Návatar a title of Aulë referring to his position as the immediate author of the Dwarvish race, apparently including atar "father", but the first element cannot be related to any known term for "Dwarf" (PM:391 cf. 381)
náva-tengwë *"mouth-sign" = "consonant" considered as a phoneme (only pl. náva-tengwi ["ñáva-"] is attested). Also #návëa. Fëanor later substituted the term #pataca (VT39:8)
#návëa "consonant" (only pl. návëar ["ñ"] is attested) (VT39:8)
-ndë noun ending; forming nouns from verbal stems in arcandë "petition" and ulundë "stream" (q.v. and cf. VT44:8), feminine in Serindë "broideress" or "needle-woman" (q.v.)
-ndil (also -dil) ending in many names, like Amandil, Eärendil; it implies devotion or disinterested love and may be translated "friend" (SA:(n)dil); this ending is "describing the attitude of one to a person, thing, course or occupation to which one is devoted for its own sake" (Letters:386)
-ndor "land" in compounds (Letters:308, UT:253)
-ndur (also -dur) ending in some names, like Eärendur; as noted by Christopher Tolkien in the Silmarillion Appendix it has much the same meaning as -ndil "friend"; yet -ndur properly means "servant of" (SA:(n)dil), "as one serves a legitimate master: cf. Q. arandil king's friend, royalist, beside arandur 'king's servant, minister'. But these often coincide: e.g. Sam's relation to Frodo can be viewed either as in status -ndur, in spirit -ndil." (Letters:286)
ne (1) "that" as a conjunction (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54; this is "Qenya", but no certain later source is available for this important word)
ne (2) = n- in n-alalmino (Narqelion)
ne-súmë (Narqelion)
nëa an optative form of the verb na- "to be"? (nëa = LotR-style Quenya nai?). ya rato nëa *"which soon may (it) be" = *"which I hope will be soon" (Arct)
néca ("k") "pale, vague, faint, dim to see", pl. nécë ("k") in Markirya
nectë "honey" (LT1:262; Tolkien's later Quenya has lis; otherwise, nectë would have had to become nehtë, a form appearing in the Etymologies with the meaning "honeycomb" [VT45:38]. However, this word clashes with nehtë "spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory" in LotR-style Quenya [UT:282].)
nehta "spearhead", isolated from nernehta, q.v.
#nehtar "slayer", isolated from Morinehtar "Darkness-slayer" (PM:384, 385). It may be that a verbal stem #nehta- "to slay, kill" can also be isolated from this noun.
nehtë (1) any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory (UT:282)
nehtë (2) "honeycomb" (VT45:38)
neitë "wax" (GL:60; rather líco in Tolkien's later Quenya. The status of the diphthong ei is uncertain; in the LotR appendices, Tolkien did not list ei among the Quenya diphthongs, so perhaps the word neitë from an early source is conceptually obsolete.)
nel- (prefix) "tri-" (NEL)
nelcë ("k") "tooth", also nelet (VT46:3)
nelci ("k") pl. of nelet (and nelcë), q.v. (NÉL-EK)
neldë "three" (SA:neldor, NÉL-ED). Cf. nelya, neldëa.
neldëa ordinal "third" (VT42:25); also nelya. Cf. neldë.
Neldië "Trinity" (VT44:17)
Neldion *"Day of the three [younger gods]", sc. Ossë, Orome and Tulkas (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK)
neldor "beech" (LT2:343)
nelet, also nelcë ("k") "tooth", pl. nelci ("k") (NÉL-EK)
nellë "brook" (NEN)
neltil (neltild-, as in pl. neltildi) "triangle" (TIL, NEL)
nelya "third" (VT42:25; also neldëa). Pl. Nelyar "Thirds", the original name of the Noldor (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original Primitive Quendian name) (WJ:380).
Nelyafinwë "Finwë third" (after the original Finwë and Curufinwë = Fëanor), masc. name; he was called Maedhros in Sindarin. Short Quenya name Nelyo. (PM:352)
Nelyo see Nelyafinwë
[#nem- verb "judge", attested as endingless aorist nemë, changed by Tolkien to hamë and finally to navë "in all but one case" (Bill Welden). Forms like námo "judge" and namna "statute" point rather to #nam- (q.v.) as a verb "to judge" (VT42:34)]
nen "river" (LT1:248), "river, water" (LT1:262) (In Tolkien's later Quenya, nén with a long vowel means "water", but hardly "river" - that is sírë.)
-nen instrumental ending (pl. -inen, dual -nten, partitive pl. -línen). Attested in lírinen, súrinen; see lírë, súrë.
nén (nen-) "water" (NEN).
Nénar name of a star (or planet), evidently derived from nén "water" (Silm), tentatively identified with Uranus (MR:435)
*nenda (1) "watery, wet" (NEN - in the Etymologies as printed in LR, this seemed to be a Quenya word, but according to VT46:3 Tolkien actually cited this as a primitive form nendâ. While *nenda would still be the form in Quenya, it must be asterisked as unattested, and the attested synonym mixa is to be preferred.)
[nenda] (2) "sloping" (DEN, struck out)
nendë (1) "pool" (NEN)
[nendë] (2) "slope" (DEN, struck out)
Nendili "Water-lovers", the most frequently used "title" or secondary name of the Lindar (Teleri) (WJ:411) Sg. #Nendil.
nengwë (stem *nengwi-, given the primitive form neñ-wi) "nose", pl. nengwi given (NEÑ-WI)
nengwëa "nasal" (NEÑ-WI)
Nénimë second month of the year, "February" (Appendix D)
nénu "yellow water-lily" (LT1:248)
nénuvar "pool of lilles" (LT1:248)
Nenya name of a Ring of Power, apparently properly an adjective meaning something like "Watery [One]" (SA:nen)
nér (ner-, as in pl. neri) "man" (adult male - elf, mortal, or of other speaking race) (MR:213, DER, NDER, NI1, VT45:9; see also WJ:393)
Nermi "a field-spirit" (LT1:262)
nernehta "man-spearhead", a battle-formation (UT:282)

[LinBau]

nertë "nine" (NÉTER; (VT42:26); nertëa ordinal "ninth" (VT42:25)
nésë (Þ) "youth", also nessë (NETH)
nessa "young" (NETH), also Nessa as name of a Valië, the spouse of Tulkas (adopted and adapted from Valarin, OR an archaic Elvish formation: WJ:404 vs. 416). Also called Indis, "bride" (NETH, NI1).
nessamelda "Nessa-beloved", name of a tree (UT:167)
Nessaron *"[Day] of the younger [gods]", sc. Ossë, Oromë and Tulkas (in Tolkien's earlier conception, Ossë was a "god" or Vala). (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK)
nessë "youth"; also nésë (NETH)
nessima "youthful" (NETH)
neuma "snare" (SNEW)
neuna "second" (NDEW)
neuro "follower, successor" (NDEW)
#nav- verb "judge"; 1st person aorist navin "I judge"; 1st person pl. inclusive navilwë "we judge" (VT42:33, 34)
ngoldo see noldo
ngwalmë see nwalmë
ngwin ?"for us" (VT21:6-7, 10, VT44:36: obscure dative pronoun possibly belonging to the 1st person pl. It would be pronounced *nwin at the end of the Third Age.)
ni "I", dative nin "for me, to me" (Arct, Nam, RGEO:67, VT41:11/15)
†ní "woman, female" (NI1, INI (NÊR ) )
nicu- ("k") "be chill, cold (of weather)" (WJ:417)
nië "tear" (NEI, VT45:38, LT1:262, LT2:346); apparently níe in MC:221
Nieliccilis ("k") "little Niéle" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
Niellúnë "Sirius" (a star), also Nierninwa (LT1:262)
nienaitë "bleared" (MC:214), *"tearfully" (see cildë) (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
nieninquë ("q") "snowdrop", etymologically "white tear" (NIK-W, LT1:262, 266)
nieninquëa ("q") adj. "snowdrop-like" (MC:215)
Nienna (name of a Valië, related to nië = tear) (NEI)
nier "honey-bee" (LT1:262)
niermë (Narqelion)
Nierninwa "Sirius" (a star), also Niellúnë (LT1:262)
nierwes "hive" (LT1:262)
-nil = Old English "-wine", sc. "-friend" as an element in names (NIL/NDIL). Also long -nildo (VT46:4). Variant of -ndil. In Eärnil, contraction of Earendil.
nilda "friendly, loving" (NIL/NDIL)
nildë "friend" (fem.) (NIL/NDIL)
nildo "friend" (apparently masc.; contrast nildë) (NIL/NDIL)
nillë ("ñ") a star-imagine on Nur-menel (q.v.), from a stem ngil- "silver glint" (MR:388)
nilmë "friendship" (NIL/NDIL)
nilmo "friend" (apparently masc.) (NIL/NDIL)
nin "to me", dative of ni (FS). See also ninya.
#nína (gen.pl. nínaron attested) "woman" (VT43:31; this word, as well as some other experimental forms listed in the same source, seem ephemeral; on the other hand, several sources agree that the Quenya word for "woman" is nís, nis [q.v.])
nindë "slender" (NIN-DI, pointing to a stem-form nindi-). Not to be confused with *nindë as the likely pa.t. of the verb nir-, q.v.
ninquanéron ("q") "white shining" (MC:220; this is "Qenya")
ninquë "white, chill, palid" (WJ:417, SA:nim, NIK-W - spelt "ninqe" in Etym and in LT1:266, MC:213, MC:220, GL:60), pl. ninqui in Markirya. Ninquelótë *"White-Flower" (SA:nim), = Sindarin Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor; ninqueruvissë ("q") "white-horse-on" (MC:216; this is "Qenya", read *ninqueroccossë or *ninquiroccossë in LotR-style Quenya). Normally ninquë would be expected to have the stem-form ninqui-, given the primitive form ninkwi; Ninquelótë rather than Ninquilótë must be seen as an analogical form.
ninquissë ("q") "whiteness" (NIK-W)
ninquita- ("q") "shine white" (NIK-W)
ninquitá- ("q") "whiten" (NIK-W)
ninwa "blue" (LT1:262)
ninya an element occurring in Fíriel's Song, evidently meaning "my"; see indo-ninya. It may be derived from the dative form nin "for me" by adding the adjectival ending -ya. Compare menya, q.v.
nion "bee" (GL:60)
niquë "it is cold, it freezes" (WJ:417), also noun niquë ("q") "snow" (NIK-W)
niquetil ("q") "snowcap" (LT1:266)
niquis "frost-patterns", also niquessë by association with quessë "feather" (WJ:417). In early "Qenya", the gloss was simply "snow" (LT1:266).
níra "will" (as a potential or faculty) (VT39:30, VT41:6, 17)
nírë "tear" (NEI)
nir- "press, thrust, force (in a given direction)" ("Though applicable to the pressure of a person on others, by mind and 'will' as well as by physical strength, [this verb] could also be used of physical pressures exerted by inanimates".) Given as a 1st person aorist nirin (VT41:17). Pa.t. probably *nindë since the R of nir- was originally D (the base is given as NID; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)
nirmë "an act of will, exercise of will" (VT39:30, VT41:6), "the act or action of níra" (VT41:17)
nirwa (1) noun "bolster, cushion" (NID)
[nirwa (2) adj. "scarred" (VT46:4)]
[nirwë noun "scar" (VT46:4)]
nís (niss-, as in pl. nissi) "woman" (MR:213. The Etymologies gives nis (or nissë) pl. nissi: see the stems NDIS-SÊ/SÂ, NI1, NIS (NÊR), VT46:4. In Tolkien's Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious, since nísi would be expected to turn into *nízi, *níri (VT43:31). The MR forms, nís with stem niss-, may be preferred.)
#nísima "fragrant", isolated from Nísimaldar, q.v.
Nísimaldar "Fragrant trees", a region in Númenor (UT:167; evidently #nísima "fragrant", attested here only, + aldar "trees").
Nísinen *"Fragrance-water", a lake in Númenor (UT:168)
nítë (stem *níti-, given the primitive form neiti) "moist, dewy" (NEI, VT45:38)
nívë "pale" (MC:213; this is "Qenya" - Tolkien's later Quenya has néca)
nixë "frost" (WJ:417)
-nna "to, upon", allative ending in cilyanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, Elenna, númenna, númenórenna, rómenna, tielyanna, q.v. Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.
no "under" (NÛ; all other sources give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant "upon"; MC:214)
nó (1) (stem nów- as in pl. nówi) "conception" (= idea) (NOWO). In an earlier version, later deleted, nó represented earlier ñó (ngó), glossed "idea, thought" (VT46:6).
nó (2) conjunction "but" (VT41:13)
noa (1) "conception" (= idea) (NOWO)
[noa (2) "thigh" (VT46:4)]
Nócoirë alternative name of March (PM:135)
noi "lament" (NAY)
#noirë "tomb", isolated from Noirinan, q.v. This compound may suggest that noirë has the stem-form noiri-, unless the compound is supposed to contain a plural form "tombs".
Noirinan the "Valley of the Tombs" in Númenor (evidently *noirë, *noiri- "tomb" + nan "valley") (UT:166)
nóla ("ñ") (1) "wise, learned" (ÑGOL) (note that this and the next nóla would be spelt differently in Tengwar writing, and originally they were also pronounced differently, since nóla "wise, learned" was ñóla in First Age Quenya).
nóla (2) "round head, knoll" (NDOL)
Nólairë alternative name of July (PM:135)
noldarë "mole"; also nolpa (GL:30)
noldo "one of the people of the Noldor", "one of the wise folk, Gnome". Cf. the gloss "Gnome" in early "Qenya" (LT1:262). Also name of tengwa #19, that is used for the initial n of noldo in Tengwar spelling. Originally pronounced ngoldo (also spelt ñoldo by Tolkien, ÑGOLOD); initial ng had become n in Third Age pronunciation (Appendix E). Pl. Noldor ("Ñoldor"), "the Wise", name of the second clan of the Eldar (WJ:380, 381); gen. pl. Noldoron "of the Noldor" is attested (VT39:16)
Noldolantë (ñ) "the Fall of the Noldor" (name of a song) (Silm)
Noldomar (ñ) "Gnomeland" (LT1:262).
Noldomírë (ñ) lit. *"Noldo-jewel", another word for Silmaril (ÑGOLOD).
Noldo-quentasta ("Ñoldo-") "Noldo-history", History of the Noldor
Noldóran ("ñ") "King of the Noldor" (PM:343; evidently noldo + aran).
Noldorinwa (ñ) *"Gnomish", Noldorin, adj. "of the Noldor" (LT1:262, VT39:16); lower-case noldorinwa in Narqelion.
nólë (ñ) "long study (of any subject), lore, knowledge" (SA:gûl, also WJ:383 and MR:350, there spelt ñóle, the earlier pronunciation. In the Etymologies, stem ÑGOL, the gloss is "wisdom".)
nólemë (ñ) "deep lore, wisdom" (LT1:263). Perhaps replaced by Nolmë in Tolkien's later Quenya.
Nolmë ("ñ") "knowledge, Philosophy (including Science)" (PM:360 cf. 344)
nolmo ("ñ") "wise person" (PM:360)
Nolofinwë ("ñ") "Fingolfin" (PM:344)
nolpa "mole"; also noldarë (GL:30)
nolwë ("ñ") "wisdom, secret lore" (ÑGOL)
#nómë "place", isolated from Nómesseron, q.v. Cf. also sinomë.
Nómesseron compound "of place-names", apparently an inflected compound consisting of #nómë "place" + a genitive plural #esseron "of names" (VT42:17; we might have expected *ession, since essi rather than ?esser as the nominative plural of essë "name" is attested both in PM:339 and MR:470)
[ñon, noun "groan" (gloss changed by Tolkien from "growl") (VT46:6)]
[ñona- verb "groan" (VT46:6)]
Nóquellë alternative name of October (PM:135); otherwise called Narquelië
nór "land" (as opposed to sea; nor in Letters:308). Longer, more usual form nórë, q.v.
nórë "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NÔ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "people" (SA:dôr; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" has nórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)
#nórië "country", in sindanórië (see sinda) (Nam, RGEO:67)
norna "stiff, tough" (WJ:413)
norno (1) "oak" (DÓRON)
Norno (2) "dwarf"; a personalized form of the adjective norna (WJ:413); Nornalië (not *Nornolië) the "Dwarf-people" as a whole (WJ:388)
nornoro- "run on, run smoothly" (LT1:263)
norolindë "tripping lightly" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
norollë "cart" (GL:31)
Norrívë alternative name of December (PM:135), otherwise called Ringarë.
norsa (Þ) "giant" (NOROTH)
norta "horrible" (VT46:4. In Tengwar writing, the initial N would be represented by the letter noldo, not númen.)
norto noun "a horror" (VT46:4. In Tengwar writing, the initial N would be represented by the letter noldo, not númen.)
nossë "clan, family, 'house' " (NÔ), "kindred, family" (PM:320), "kin, people" (LT1:250, LT1:272, LT2:338)
nosta "birth, birthday" (LT1:272; maybe not a valid word in later Quenya because the meaning of the corresponding verb was changed from "give birth" to "beget")
nosta- "beget" (SD:73); in earlier "Qenya" the gloss was "give birth" (LT1:272)
nostalë "species, kind" (LT1:272)
nostari "parents", pl. of *nostar or *nostaro "parent" (LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308)
not- "reckon" (NOT); past participle nótina "counted, *reckoned" (FS).
nótë "number" (NOT)
Nótuilë alternative name of May (PM:135)
-nt ending for dual dative (Plotz)
-nta ending for dual allative (Plotz). May also be the possessive ending "their", corresponding to the ending -ntë "they".
-ntë pronomimal ending, inflexion of 3 plural ("they") when no subject is previously mentioned (CO)
-nten ending for dual instrumental (Plotz)
nu "under" (LR:56, Markirya, Nam, RGEO:66, MC:214; the Etymologies alone gives no [q.v.] instead)
Núaran *"West-king"; Núaran Númenoren *"West-king of Númenor"; changed (according to LR:71) to Núraran Númenen, *"West-king of the West" (all of this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n instead of -o, as in Tolkien's later Quenya) (LR:60)
nucumna ("k") "humbled" (SD:246)
nuhta- "stunt, prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not allow to continue" (WJ:413)
nuhuinenna "under shadow" (allativic: nu-huinë-nna "under-shadow-to") (SD:246); see huinë.
nulda "secret" (DUL)
nulla "dark, dusky, obscure" (NDUL), "secret" (DUL). See also VT45:11.
[numbë "root, foundation", also núvë (VT45:38)]
númë "going down, occident" (Letters:361), núme- "west" (VT45:38). Apparently meaning "west" also in númeheruen and numeheruvi; indeed númë was glossed "West" in early "Qenya" (LT1:263).
númëa "in the West" (actually an adjective *"western", in Tolkien's later Quenya rather númenya) (LT1:263)
númeheruen *"of the Lord of the West" (Manwë) (SD:290); this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya.
númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD:246.
númen "west, the way of the sunset" (SA:andúnë, cf. NDÛ, MEN; capitalized Númen under SA:men and in CO), "going down, occudent" (Letters:361), also name of tengwa #17 (Appendix E). According to VT45:38, the word is actually cited as "nú-men" in Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript. Allative númenna "Westward" (LR:47, SD:310) See also númenyaron, númessier. - In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, "nú-men" was intended as the name of tengwa #21, to which letter Tolkien at this stage assigned the value n (VT45:38). However, this tengwa was later given the Quenya value r instead and was renamed órë.
Númen(n)órë "people of the west", confused with Númendor "land of the west" (SA:dôr); hence Númenor as the name of the great isle given to the Edain by the Valar (FS, LR:56); full form Númenórë (LR:47, SD:247, NDÛ); allative númenórenna "to Númenor" (LR:56)
numenda- "get low (of the Sun)" (also númeta-) (LT1:263; in Tolkien's later Quenya núta-)
Númendor "land of the west", confused with and replaced by Númen(n)órë "people of the west" (SA:dôr)
númenya "western" (NDÛ)
númenyaron a word occurring in a phrase from an earlier version of Fíriel's Song, Valion númenyaron, "of the Lords [Valar] of the West". But númenyaron cannot simply mean "of the West"; it seems to be the plural genitive of númenya "western", hence literally *"of the western (things, persons, realms)" or "of the Westerners".
Númerrámar "West-wings", name of a ship (Númen + rámar, note assimilation nr > rr) (UT:175)
númessier "they are in the west", a construction occurring in Fíriel's Song, evidently núme(n)-ssë-ie-r "west-in-are-they"; the stative-verb suffix -ië is probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya (FS)
númeta- "get low (of the Sun)" (also numenda-) (LT1:263; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather núta-); inflected númetar "set" ("went down in the West") (MC:221; this is "Qenya")
Númevalion *"of the West-powers" (SD:290); cf. Valion
nún "down below, underneath" (adv.) (NÛ)
Núnatani "Western Men" = Sindarin Dúnedain (WJ:386). Sg. #Núnatan "Dúnadan".
Nunduinë *"West-flow", name of a river in Númenor (UT:168)
**nuntixë ("ks"), misreading for unutixë, q.v.
nuquerna "reversed", or perhaps rather *"turned upside down". Attested in the phrases silmë nuquerna and árë nuquerna, q.v.
Nur-menel the lesser firmament, a great dome covering Valinor, made by Varda and full of star-imagines (see tinwë, nillë). It was a simulacrum of Tar-menel, the true firmament (MR:388)
núra "deep" (NÛ)
núro "servant" (NDÛ; in Etym as published in LR, the gloss is misread as "sunset"; see VT45:38)
Nurquendi ("q") "Gnomes" (lit. *"Deep Elves"), sg. *Nurquendë (NÛ)
nurru- "murmur, grumble" (cf. "Qenya" núru-); participle nurrula in Markirya, changed to nurrua, perhaps a kind of verbal adjective of the same meaning (translated "mumbling" in MC:215)
#nurta- "hide", verbal stem isolated from nurtalë "hiding", q.v.
nurtalë "hiding" (evidently a verbal stem #nurta- "hide" with the verbal noun ending -lë); Nurtalë Valinóreva "the Hiding of Valinor" (Silm)
nuru, Nuru "death, Death" (ÑGUR). This represents earlier ñuru (VT46:4) and should be spelt accordingly in Tengwar writing. When personalized, Nuru refers to Mandos. Cf. Nurufantur.
núru- "growl (of dogs), grumble" (LT1:263). Perhaps replaced by nurru- (q.v.) in Tolkien's later Quenya.
Nurufantur "lord of Death-cloud", surname of Mandos (SPAN, ÑGUR)
nuruhuinë "death-shadow" (LR:47, 56, SD:310)
nut- "tie" (1st pers. aorist nutin "I tie") (NUT)
núta- "set, sink" (of Sun or Moon) (NDÛ). In early "Qenya", the word was glossed "stoop, sink" (LT1:263)
nútë "bond, knot" (NUT)
[núvë "root, foundation", also numbë (VT45:38)]
nwalca ("k") "cruel" (ÑGWAL; this must represent earlier *ñwalca = *ngwalca; these forms are not given in Etym, but compare nwalmë below. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.)
nwalma noun "pain" (VT46:4. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.)
nwalmë noun "torment", also name of tengwa #20. Originally pronounced ngwalmë; initial ng had become n in Third Age pronunciation (Appendix E). In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.
nwalya- "to pain, torment" (ÑGWAL; this must represent earlier *ñwalya = *ngwalya; these forms are not given in Etym, but compare nwalmë above. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.)
-nya pronominal suffix, 1st person sg. possessive, "my", e.g. tatanya "my father" (UT:191), meldenya *"my friend" (Elaine inscription). This ending seems to prefer i as its connecting vowel where one is needed, cf. Anarinya "my sun" in LR:72, so also in hildinyar "my heirs". It was previously theorized that a final -ë would also be changed to -i- before -nya, but the example órenya "my heart [órë]" indicates that this is not the case (VT41:11).
nyano, see nyarro
nyar- "to tell" (1st pers. aorist nyarin "I tell") (NAR2, VT45:36)
nyarna "tale, saga" (NAR2)
nyarro "rat", the most likely reading of Tolkien's manuscript. Christopher Tolkien originally read the word as "nyano" (so in the published Etymologies, entry NYAD), but the "Noldorin"/Sindarin cognates nadhr, nadhor (VT46:7) indicate that the primitive form is meant to be *nyadrô, which form could hardly yield "nyano" in Quenya.
-nyë pronominal suffix "I"; also short form -n. In utúvienyes (see tuv-)
[nyel an (incomplete?) word occurring in the deleted entry NYELED in the Etymologies, VT46:7)]
nyellë "bell" (NYEL). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, nyellë was also the name of tengwa #21 with overposed dots to indicate "following y", the whole symbol having the value ny (VT46:7)
nyello "singer" (NYEL)
nyéna- "lament" (LT1:262)
nyéni "she-goat" (LT1:262)
Nyenna alternative form of Nienna (LT1:262)
nyenyë "weeping" (LT1:262)
nyérë "grief" (LT1:261), "sorrow" (GL:60)

<O>
†Ó "the sea" (poetic word, hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya) (LT1:263, there spelt Ô)
o (1) a word for "and" occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.
o (2) "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers should rather use as or possibly yo.) See ó- below.
-o (1) genitive ending, as in Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, q.v. Pl. -ion and -ron, q.v.
-o (2), also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix (PM:340)
ó- (usually reduced to o- when unstressed) a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. (WJ:367; in the Etymologies, stem WÔ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together".) In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" [also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive], ólyë or ólë *"with you" (olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl.), ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" (of animates - where "them" refers to non-persons, óta [or shortened ót] is used), ósa (or shortened ós) "with it". (The exact meaning of two additional forms, ótar and ótari, is uncertain.) However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied (like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others - though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used). The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o (variant of ó) did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o (with or without endings) for "with", writers may rather use #as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary (attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you").
oa (1), also oar ("öa, öar"), adverbs, "away" (WJ:366, gloss in VT39:6)
oa (2) "wool" (LT1:249; evidently replaced by tó in Tolkien's later Quenya)
oantë "went away (to another place)"; past tense of auta-. Also perfect oantië. (WJ:366)
oar (1) = oa #1, q.v.
oar (2) "child of the sea, merchild" (LT1:263; hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya)
Oarel ("Oärel") "Elf who departed from Beleriand to Aman" (while the Sindar stayed there). Stem Oareld-, as in pl. Oareldi (WJ:363, 374). Older form Oazeldi.
oaris (oarits-), also oarwen, "mermaid" (LT1:263; read perhaps ëar- for oar- in LotR-style Quenya)
Oazeldi Vanyarin (and original) form of Oareldi; see Oarel (WJ:374)
ócama- "have mercy" (VT44:12-14; Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of órava-)
ocamna ("k") "diphthong" (VT44:13)
ohlon (pl. ohloni is attested) "diphthong", used of both vocalic diphthongs and "consonantal diphthongs" like mb (VT39:9)
ohta "war" (noun) (OKTA, KOT > KOTH). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ohta was also the name of tengwa #15 (VT46:7), but Tolkien would later call this letter anca instead - changing its value from ht to nc.
#ohtacar- stem of the past tense ohtacárë (-"káre") "war-made", made war (+ allative = make war upon) (LR:47, SD:246; ohtacárië in LR:56). The past tense is probably *ohtacarnë in LotR-style Quenya.
[ohtacáro] ("k") "warrior" (KAR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the accent of the word ohtacáro was omitted (VT45:19).
ohtar "warrior, soldier" (UT:282)
oi "ever" (OY)
oia "everlasting" (OY); according to VT46:8 the word is both adjective and adverb
Oiacúma ("k") = Avacúma ("k"), the Exterior Void beyond the World (OY, cf. AWA; in the published Etymologies the final -a was misread as -i, see VT46:8)
oialë "everlasting [?age]" (Reading of gloss uncertain) (OY) Used as an adverb "everlastingly" in Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67)
oïcta ("k") (twice in Narqelion; the combination ct would have to become ht in LotR-style Quenya, and the hiatic combination oï does not occur.)
oiencarmë Eruo ("k") "the One's [Eru's] perpetual production", free rendering "God's management of the Drama" (MR:471)
oilima "last" (MC:213, 214; this is "Qenya"), inflected or lengthened form oilimain "last (pl.)" (MC:221), oilimaisen "(MC:221), oilimaite "last" (MC:214, 221)
oio "an endless period" (CO) or "ever" (SA:los). Oiolairë "Ever-summer" (name of a tree, UT:167; also in the name Coron Oiolairë, "Mound of Ever-summer". Oiolossë "Everwhite, Ever-snowwhite", a name of Taniquetil (OY), hence the translation "Mount Everwhite" in Tolkien's rendering of Namárië. See also SA:los. Explicit "mount" in Oron Oiolossë "Mount Everwhite" (WJ:403). Ablativic genitive Oiolossëo "from Mount Everwhite" in Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67, OY)
Oiomúrë place-name; *"Ever-?mist" (Silm)
oira "eternal" (OY)
oirë "everlasting [?age]" (Reading of gloss uncertain) (OY)
ol- "grow" (VT45:13; this may be a primitive root rather than a Quenya verb)
óla- "to dream" (said to be "impersonal", probably meaning that the dreamer is mentioned in the dative rather than the nominative) (UT:396)
olassië "collection of leaves, foliage" (Letters:283)
olba "branch" (PM:340; the form *olva may be more frequent; olba can only occur in the Quenya variant that uses lb for lv. The Etymologies, stem GÓLOB, has olwa. See also olvar.)
olca "evil, bad, wicked" (VT43:23-24; variant of ulca)
olë (1) "much" (adv.) (PE14:80)
olë (2) "three" (LT1:258; in LotR-style Quenya Tolkien replaced this "Qenya" form with neldë)
ólemë "elbow" (LT1:258)
ollo "cliff, seaward precipice" (also oldô - is this to be understood as the older form?) (LT1:252)
olma "nine" (LT1:258; in Tolkien's later Quenya nertë)
olmë "odour" (changed by Tolkien from holmë, VT46:6)
Olofantur "lord of Dream-cloud", surname of the Vala Lórien (ÓLOS, SPAN, VT45:28)
?olo (reading uncertain), possibly a synonym of ló #1, hence "night" (VT45:28)
olombo "horse" (derived from a base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP; hence read *olompo for olombo?)
oloirë "great flood" (VT42:10)
oloiya- "to inundate, flood" (VT42:10)
olor "dream", noun (LOS, ÓLOS, LT1:259 [the latter source also gives olórë]); perhaps changed by Tolkien to olos, q.v.
olórëa "dreamy" (LT1:259 - replaced by olosta, UT:396?)
Olórin name of the Maia that became Gandalf, connected to olos no. 1 (UT:396)

[LinBau]

olos (1) "dream, vision" (olor-, as in pl. olori from earlier olozi) (UT:396). Cf. olor.
†olos "(2) snow, fallen snow" (prob. oloss-, cf. the longer form olossë below; this form should be preferred since olos also = "dream, vision") (GOLOS)
†olossë "snow, fallen snow" (GOLÓS, LOT[H])
olótë "bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant" (VT42:18)
olosta "dreamy" (UT:396)
olvar (sg. *olva) "growing things with roots in the earth, *plants" (Silm). More or less the same word as olwa, olba?
olwa "branch" (GÓLOB)
Olwë masc. name (PM:340), difficult to interpret (PM:341)
olwen (olwenn-) "branch, wand, stick" (LT2:342)
olya "much" (adj.) -PE14:80
óma "voice" (OM), "voice, resonance of the vocal chords" (VT39:16); #ómarya "his/her voice"; genitive ómaryo "of his/her voice" (Nam, RGEO:67). Instrumental pl. ómainen "with voices" (WJ:391). Adj. ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45:28). The term óma is closely associated with vowels, see óma-tengwë, ómëa; cf. also the compounds ómataina "vocalic extension", the addition to the base a final vowel identical to the stem-vowel (WJ:371, 417; also ómataima, VT42:24, 25), ómatehtar "vowel-signs", signs used for vowels (usually called simply tehtar, strictly including all kinds of diacritics) (WJ:396)
ómalingwe ?"voice-" (Narqelion; in Tolkien's later Quenya, óma means "voice" or "vowel" and lingwë means "fish", but at least the latter gloss can hardly be relevant here)
#óma-tengwë "vowel" (only pl. óma-tengwi attested); this refers to vowels considered as independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights on phonemics. Also #ómëa. (VT39:8; ómatengwi ["ñ"] with no hyphen in VT39:16)
óman "vowel" (stem omand- as in the pl. omandi, which form was misread as "amandi" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry OM; see VT46:7). The terms óma-tengwë, ómëa from a later source are probably to be preferred.
ómataina, ómataima - see óma.
ómë "with us" (exclusive); see ó
ómen ?"on/for us" (órava ómen "have mercy on us", VT44:12, changed by Tolkien from the simple dative form men "for us", then replaced by (o)messë)
omentië "meeting" (meeting or junction of the directions of two people) (WJ:367), *omentielva "our meeting", only attested in the genitive: omentielvo "of our meeting". See -lv-. Concerning the alternative reading omentielmo, see -lma.
omessë, ómessë, see me
#ómëa "vowel" (only pl. ómëar attested); this refers to vowels considered as independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights on phonemics. Also #óma-tengwë. (VT39:8)
-on gen.pl. ending (3O), in aldaron, aranion, Eldaron, #esseron, Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion (see Nan-Tasarion), Quendion, Valion, wenderon, yénion.
on, ondo "stone" (LT2:342, LT1:254 - probably only ondo in LotR-style Quenya, see below). Various "Qenya" forms: ondoli "rocks" (MC:213; this would be a partitive plural in LotR-style Quenya), ondolin "rocks" (MC:220), ondoisen "upon rocks" (MC:221), ondolissen "rocks-on" (MC:214; the latter form, partitive plural locative, is still valid in LotR-style Quenya)
ondo "stone" as a material (UT:459, GOND). Pl. ondor in an earlier variant of Markirya; partitive pl. locative ondolissë "on rocks" in the final version; Ondoher masc.name, *"Stone-lord" (ondo alluding to Gondor, "stone-land") (Appendix A)
Ondolindë "Gondolin" (SA:gond, J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193); see Ondo. Earlier "Qenya" has Ondolinda (changed from Ondolin) "singing stone, Gondolin" (LT1:254)
Ondonórë "Gondor" (Stone-land) (VT42:17)
onë "but" (VT43:23)
ónë one pa.t. of onta- "beget, create" (the pa.t. may also be ontanë) (ONO)
onna "creature" (ONO)
ono "but" (VT43:23, VT44:5/9)
onóna (1) adj. "twin-born"; (2) noun "one of a pair of twins"; pl. ónoni "twins" (WJ:367)
onónë see onórë
onórë "sister" (of blood-kin) (THEL/THELES, NÔ; both of these entries in the Etymologies as reproduced in LR have the reading "onóne", but the "Old Noldorin" cognate wanúre listed in the entry THEL/THELES seems to indicate that the Quenya word should be onórë; the letters n and r are easily confused in Tolkien's handwriting. There is no clear evidence for a feminine ending -në in Quenya, whereas -rë is relatively well attested; cf. for instance ontarë.)
onóro "brother" (of blood-kinship) (TOR, NÔ (WÔ) )
onot- "count up" (NOT)
#onótië "reckoning" (isolated from Yénonótië *"reckoning of years", MR:51)
Onótimo *"Reckoner" (the untranslated title of one Quennar, an expert of chronology) (MR:48-51)
onta- (pa.t. ónë or ontanë) "beget, create" (ONO)
ontani form cited in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry ONO: supposedly the pl. of ontaro, ontarë "parent" (m. and. f.) Comparison with the singulars indicate that the n of ontani should actually be r. Thus ontani could be a misreading for ontari (SD:73), but according to VT46:7 the actual manuscript reading is ontaru, evidently a dual form referring to two parents.
ontar prob. *"begetter, parent" (a gender-neutral term, applied to a woman in the source; compare the gender-specific forms below (VT44:7)
ontarë "begetter, parent" (fem); the pl. ontari or dual ontaru (see ontani) covers both sexes. (ONO, VT46:7)
ontari "mother" or etymologically "begetter, parent" (fem.); clashing with the plural ontari "parents", this was apparently an emphemeral form (see ontarë, ontaril, ontarië for other feminine forms of "begetter, parent") (VT44:7)
ontarië "begetter, parent" (fem.) (VT44:7)
ontaril "mother", female *"begetter" (cf. onta-). Variant of ontarë. (VT43:32)
ontaro "begetter, parent" (evidently masc.); pl. ontari or dual ontaru (see ontani) covers both sexes. (ONO, VT46:7)
onya *"my child", *"my son" (not the normal word for "son", however - it seems to be derived from the stem ONO "beget") (UT:174)
opelë "walled house or village, 'town' " (PEL(ES) )
opo "after", also pó, po (VT44:36, evidently a variant of apa)
or "over" (CO); in early "Qenya", this preposition was also defined as "on, upon" (LT1:256, MC:216)
#or- "urge, impel, move", only of "mental" impulse. Constructed as an impersonal verb: orë nin caritas "I would like/feel moved to do so" (VT41:13), literally *"it impels for me to do so" (notice that what is the subject in English appears in the dative in Quenya). Elsewhere this verb is presented as an A-stem ora- instead (so that the aorist would be ora instead of orë, cf. ora nin "it warns me" in VT41:15), with past tense oranë or ornë, future tense oruv, present tense órëa and a form orië that may be the gerund; the forms orórië and ohórië were rejected but may have been intended as perfect forms (VT41:13, 18).
órava "have mercy", followed by locative: "have mercy on". Órava (o)messë "have mercy on us" (VT44:12)
orco ("k") "Orc", pl. orcor or orqui (WJ:390, ÓROK; pl. Orcor also in MR:74). If the pl. form orqui is preferred, the word should be assigned the stem-form orcu-. Early "Qenya" has orc ("k") (orqu-) ("q") "monster, demon" (LT1:264; in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rc.)
órë (1) "heart" (inner mind), also name of tengwa #21 (Appendix E), "premonition" (VT41:13), "nearest equivalent of 'heart' in our application to feelings, or emotions (courage, fear, hope, pity, etc.)" (VT41:13). The órë apparently defines a person's personality, cf. the description of Galadriel in PM:337, that "there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". Órenya "my heart" (VT41:11).
órë (2) "rising" (ORO), cf. early "Qenya" órë "the dawn, Sunrise, East" (LT1:264)
órëa "of the dawn, Eastern" (LT1:264)
óressë "in morning" (MC:214), evidently the locative of órë # 2 above.
orma "physical matter" (MR:218, 231, 471)
Ormal One of the Lamps of the Valar: *"High-Gold" (Silm)
ormë (1) "haste, violence, wrath", "rushing" (noun) (GOR, KHOR)
ormë (2) "summit, crest" (LT1:256; this "Qenya" word is probably obsoleted by # 1 above)
orna "hasty" (GOR)
ornë "tree" (Letters:308, SD:302: "when smaller and more slender like a birch or rowan", Etym stem ÓR-NI: "tree, high isolated tree"). For the etymology, see Letters:426. In ornemalin "tree-yellow"; see laurelindórenan lindelorendor... (LotR2:III ch. 4; cf. Letters:308). Masc. name Ornendil *"Tree-friend" (Appendix A)
oro "hill" (LT1:256; rather ambo in LotR-style Quenya, though #oro "mountain" appears in Orocarni and orofarnë, q.v.)
oro- "rise" (LT1:256; Tolkien's later Quenya has orta-)
Orocarni "the Red Mountains", place-name: literally rather *"Mountain-Reds": a plural form of carnë "red" with the element oro- "mountain" or "high" prefixed (Silm)
orofarnë "mountain-dwelling" (LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in Letters:224)
oromandin "wood-spirits" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
*oromardë "high-hall", pl oromardi (Nam, RGEO:66)
Oromë name of a Vala, adopted and adapted from Valarin. Observes Pengolodh, "the Eldar now take the name to singify 'horn-blowing' or 'horn-blower', but to the Valar it had no such meaning" (WJ:400-401, cf. SA:rom and ROM, TÁWAR in Etym, VT14:5). Genitive Oromëo and possessive Oroméva in WJ:368. A deleted entry in the Etymologies cited the name as Orómë with a long middle vowel (VT45:15).
Oromet place-name of obscure meaning (Silm)
oron (oront-, as in pl. oronti) "mountain" (ÓROT)
Oron Oiolossë "Mount Everwhite" (WJ:403)
oronta "steep" (LT1:256)
orontë, oronto "Sunrise" (LT1:264)
orosta "ascension" (LT1:256)
orqui ("q") pl. of orco ("k") (ÓROK, LT2:336)
orro (also horro) "ugh, alas! ow!" (interjection "of horror, pain, disgust") (VT45:17)
Orrostar the "Eastlands" of Númenor (UT:165)
orta- "rise, raise, lift up", pa.t. ortanë (Nam, RGEO:67, ORO; misreading "ortani" in Letters:426)
#ortírië "patronage", isolated from ortírielyanna "to thy patronage" (VT44:7)
orto "mountain-top" (ÓROT)
orto- "raise" (LT1:256; in Tolkien's later Quenya orta-)
os (ost-) "house, cottage" (LT2:336; hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya - use coa or mar)
osamnar, a word for "diphthong" (actually plural "diphthongs", sg. #osamna?) which Tolkien in the late thirties (?) replaced by ocamna, q.v.
ósanwë "interchange of thought", "communication of thought", telepathy (VT39:23, cf. MR:415); Ósanwë-centa ("k") "Enquiry into the Communication of Thought" (VT39:23 cf. MR:415)
osellë (Þ) "sister, [female] associate" (THEL/THELES, WÔ). Cf. otorno.
ossa "wall and moat" (LT2:336)
ossë "terror" (GOS/GOTH). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ossë was also the name of a Tengwa similar to Roman c, which in a full-vowel mode apparently had the value o. (VT45:15; in the Sindarin "Mode of Beleriand", exemplified in the LotR itself, this letter has the value a instead. Elsewhere in the Etymologies itself, this symbol is called Elwë (q.v.) and is assigned the value e.)
Ossë name of a Maia, adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:400), though connected with the common noun ossë "terror" in Etym (GOS/GOTH)
osta "homestead" (LT2:336)
ostar "township" (LT2:336)
ostimë (pl. ostimi is attested) "blend", term for a kind of "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a single sound has been expanded into two different elements while maintaining a unitary effect and significance: such as s- being turned into st-, or m being strengthened to mb. (VT39:9)
osto (1) "a strong or fortified building or place, strong place, fortress" (MR:350, 471; WJ:414); "city, town with wall round" (OS, VT46:8)
osto (2) "the gates of the Sun" (LT1:264; this "Qenya" word was probably obsoleted by # 1 above)
Ostoher masc. name, *"City-lord" (Appendix A)
otornassë "brotherhood" (TOR)
otorno "brother, sworn brother, [male] associate" (TOR, WÔ). Cf. osellë.
otsëa "seventh" (VT42:25). See otso.
Otselen "Seven Stars" = Great Bear (constellation) (OT/OTOS/OTOK)
otso "seven" (SA:sîr, OT/OTOS/OTOK); otsëa ordinal "seventh" (VT42:25)
otsola "week" (evidently referring to a week of seven days like our own, since otso = seven). (GL:62)
[ovesta] "contract, compact, treaty" (WED, WÔ)

<P>
pá, pa (1) preposition denoting "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall); also used = "touching, as regards, concerning" (VT43:26), (2) variants of apa "after" (VT44:36), which preposition is in one source also ascribed the first meaning here discussed. For Neo-Quenya purposes, pá and pa may be used for "on" or "concerning", whereas apa is used for "after" (see entries for apa #1 and #2).
paca ("k") "paved floor, court" (GL:63)
pahta "closed, shut, private" (VT39:23, VT41:6)
[pal- "beat", also in an alternative (extended?) form palap-, VT46:8. See palpa-.]
palan- "far, distant, wide, to a great extent" (PAL), "wide, over a wide space, to a distance" (VT45:21), "far and wide" in palantír (pl. palantíri) *"Far-seer", the magic far-seeing stones made by the Noldor in the First Age (SA:palan, PAL). For etymology, see Letters:427. Also Palantir masc. name, "Far-sighted" (Appendix A, SA:palan, PAL, TIR); assimilated palar- in Palarran "Far-Wanderer", name of a ship (palan + ran) (UT:179)
[palap-, see palpa-]
palar "flat field, 'wang', plain" (the editors indicate that the last gloss may also be read as "place", but "plain" seems more likely in light of the other glosses, VT46:8)
palis "sward, lawn" (LT1:264)
palla "wide, expansive" (PAL)
palmë "surface" (PAL)
palpa- "to beat, batter" (PALAP). The alternative form pal-, evidently with an extended form palap-, was struck out (VT46:8)
palu- "open wide, spread, expand, extend" (PAL)
palúrë "surface, bosom, bosom of Earth" (= Old English folde) (PAL); cf. Palúrien.
Palúrien surname of Yavanna (PAL)
Palurin "the wide world" (LT1:264)
palya- "open wide, spread, expand, extend" (PAL)
panda "enclosure" (PAD)
pano "piece of shaped wood" (PAN)
panta "open" (adj.) (PAT)
panta- "to unfurl, spread out, open" (PAT)
panya- "fix, set" (PAN)
paptalasselindeën "like music of falling leaves" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")
parca ("k") "dry" (PÁRAK)
parma "book", also name of tengwa #2 (PAR, Appendix E). In early "Qenya", the gloss was "skin, bark, parchment, book, writings" (LT2:346), but it seems that in LotR-style Quenya, parma only means "book".
parmalambë "book-language" = Qenya (PAR)
parmatéma "p-series", labials, the second column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E).
pasta "smooth" (PATH)
#pataca "consonant" (only pl. patacar ["k"] is attested) (VT39:8)
páva "mouth" (including tongue, lips and teeth). Apparently changed by Tolkien to náva, q.v. (VT39:19)
pávatengwi, pávëar words Tolkien apperently changed to návatengwi, návëar (q.v.) (VT39:19)
pé "lip", dual peu "the two lips, the mouth-opening" (VT39:9). In an earlier source, the Etymologies, pé was glossed "mouth" (PEG)
pel- "go round, revolve, return" (PEL)
pelecco ("k") "axe" (LT2:346)
pelecta- "hew" (LT2:346; this "Qenya" word may be adapted to LotR-style Quenya as *pelehta-) (LT2:346)
*pelehta- see pelecta-
Pelendur masc.name, *"Fence-servant" (Appendix A)
peler "fenced field" (Old English tún) (PEL(ES) )
pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)
Pelóri "Fencing Heights", the mountains raised by the Valar to protect Aman (SA:pel, WJ:403)
peltas (peltax-, as in pl. peltaxi ["ks"]) "pivot" (PEL, TAK)
penda "sloping down, inclined" (PEN/PÉNED)
pendë "slope, downslope, declivity" (PEN/PÉNED)
penga- "pout" (VT39:11)
#penna "vowel" (only pl. pennar is attested) (VT39:16)
penquanta ("peñ"-) "full to the brim, with mouth full" (VT39:11)
penya "lacking, inadequate"; pl. penyë in penyë tengwi "lacking signs", "inadequate signs"; in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for vowels with no preceding consonant, held (in many cases incorrectly) to have lost such a consonant (VT39:6, 8)
Pereldar "Half-elven" (= Sindarin Peredhil) (Letters:282), in the Etymologies used of the Danas or Nandor (PER). Sg. #Perelda.
#Perian "Hobbit" (#Periand-), gen. pl. Periandion *"of Hobbits" in the Elaine inscription.
perina (apparently the past participle of perya-) *"divided in middle, halved" (PER)
perya "divide in middle, halve" (PER)
peu "the two lips, the mouth-opening" (VT39:9); the dual of pé, q.v.
pica ("k") "small spot, dot" (PIK)
píca- ("k") "lessen, dwindle, waning"; participle pícala "waning" (with locative ending: pícalassë) in Markirya
pícë ("k") "upon" () (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
Picinaucor ("k") "Petty-dwarves" (sg. #Picinauco, cf. nauco). Also Pitya-naucor (WJ:389)
pilin (pilind-, as in pl. pilindi) "arrow" (PÍLIM)
pilinehtar unidentified plant, some kind of rush, or rush in general (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 199, note 34)
piliningevë (Narqelion)
pinilya "small" (MC:220; this is "Qenya")
pinquë ("q") (Narqelion)
pior (Narqelion)
pirucendëa ("k") "whirling lightly" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
pirya "juice, syrup" (PIS)
#pitya "little" in Pityafinwë, Pitya-naucor
Pityafinwë "Little Finwë", masc. name; he was called Amrod in Sindarin. Short Quenya name Pityo (PM:353)
Pitya-naucor "Petty-dwarves" (sg. #Pitya-nauco, cf. nauco) Also Picinaucor (WJ:389)
Pityo see Pityafinwë
piucca "berry" (GL:64)
piuta "spit" (probably verb, perhaps also noun) (PIW)
po, pó "after"; see opo (VT44:36)
poa "beard" (GL:63)
poica ("k") "clean, pure" (POY)
pol- "can" = have physical power and ability, as in polin quetë "I can speak (because mouth and tongue are free)". Cf. ista-, lerta- as verbs "can" with somewhat different shades of meaning. (VT41:6)
polda "strong, burly" (POL/POLOD)
poldorë (not glossed, derived from polda "strong, burly": possibly "strength" as an abstract) (POL/POLOD)
Poldórëa "Valiant"; as title of Tulkas replaced by Astaldo (POL/POLOD, MR:146, 149. In GL:64, poldórëa is glossed "mighty".)
porë (stem *pori-, given the primitive form pori) "flour, meal" (POR)
punta "stopped consonant" (PUT, see PUS; according to VT46:33, this does not refer to a "stop" or plosive consonant, but to a letter with a subscript dot indicating that it is not followed by a vowel. Compare putta.)
púrëa "smeared, discoloured" (Markirya)
pusta "stop" (noun), in punctuation full stop (PUS)
pusta- "to stop, put a stop to"; also intr. "cease, stop" (PUS)
pustanë "blowing" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
putta "stop" (in punctuation) (PUT; see PUS. According to VT46:10, a dot under a letter is intended, possibly indicating that the consonant is not followed by a vowel; cf. VT46:33)

[LinBau]

<Q>
quáco ("q") "crow" (WJ:395; Etym also has corco, q.v.)
quainë ("q") "wailing (pl.)" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")
quainëa ordinal "tenth" (VT42:25; this version of Quenya apparently presupposes *quainë rather than cainen as the word for "ten")
qualin ("q") "dead" (KWAL, LT1:264)
qualmë ("q") "agony, death" (KWAL, LT1:264)
qualumë ("q") "heaving" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
quámë ("q") "sickness" (KWAM)
quanta ("q") "full" (KWAT, Narqelion, VT39:8, VT43:28); quanta sarmë "full writing", writing with separate letters for vowels (VT39:8); #quanta tengwë "full sign" (only pl. quantë tengwi is attested), in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant + a vowel (then analyzed as a kind of unitary phoneme rather than two phonemes); hence a stem like mata- "eat" was analyzed as two quantë tengwi, namely ma + ta. (VT39:5)
Quantarië "Day of Completion, Oldyear's Day" (PM:127) (= the quantien of the Etymologies)
quantien ("q") "last day of year" (YEN) or "full year" (VT46:23). The latter gloss also turns up in PM: quantien "full year" = yén, a period of 144 solar years (PM:126; pl. quantiéni, PM:127). Since the latter meaning comes from drafts for the LotR Appendices that did not make it into the published LotR, it is difficult to tell whether it is canonical.
quárë (also quár) "fist" (SA:celeb, KWAR; in the Etymologies, Tolkien first wrote quár pl. quari, and quár is also found in PM:318. As usual, the Etym forms have q instead of qu.) According to PM:318, the "chief use [of this word] was in reference to the tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a craft-tool rather than to the 'fist' as used in punching".
quat- "fill" (WJ:392), future #quantuva "shall fill" (enquantuva "shall refill") (Nam, RGEO:67)
#quel- "to fail" (wane, wither), only attested in the future tense (queluva in FS)
quelet ("q") (quelets-, as in pl. queletsi) "corpse" (KWEL)
quelië "waning" in Narquelië, q.v.
quellë "fading", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, but also used without any exact definition, for the latter part of autumn and the beginning of winter (Appendix D)
quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). Combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen, ilquen (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372)
quendë "Elf", the little-used sg. of Quendi, q.v. (KWEN(ED), WJ:361)
Quendelië ("q") *"the People of the Elves" (KWEN(ED) )
Quendendil (also contracted Quendil; pl. Quendili in WJ:410) "Elf-friend" (WJ:410)
Quenderin "Quendian, belonging to the Elves as a whole" (a learned word) (WJ:407)
Quendi "Elves" as a race (analogical sg. quendë, not much used) (WJ:361; SA:quen-/quet-, WJ:372, KWEN(ED), spelt "qende, Qendi" in Etym). Gen. pl. Quendion (PM:395)
quendi "Elvish woman", pl. quendir given (MR:229; changed from quendë pl. quender); the sg. quendi must not be confused with the pl. Quendi, see above.
quendu *"Elvish man", pl. quendur given (MR:229; changed from quendo pl. quendor)
Quendya original form of the word Quenya, preserved in the Vanyarin dialect (Quenya is the Noldorin form) (WJ:361, 371)
quent ("q") "word" (LT2:348; in Tolkien's later Quenya quetta)
quenta ("q") "tale" (KWET), "narrative, story" (VT39:16); Quenta Silmarillion "the Story/Tale of the Silmarils"
quentalë ("q") "account, history" (KWET), "narration, History" as abstract, but the word may also be used with a particular reference, as in quentalë Noldoron or quentalë Noldorinwa "the history of the Noldor", referring to the real events rather than an account of them: "that part of [universal] History which concerned the Noldor". (VT39:16; in this source the spelling really is "quentale" rather than "qentale")
quentaro ("q") "narrator" (KWET)
quentasta *"historical account", "any particular arrangement (by some author) of a series of records or evidences into a given historical account" (not History as such, which is quentalë). (VT39:16)
quentelë ("q") "sentence" (LT2:348)
quenya "speech" (PM:399); the language-name Quenya is said to mean properly "language, speech" (WJ:393). However, Quenya (archaic Quendya, still so in Vanyarin) is also interpreted "Elvish" (Letters:176), sc. the adjective corresponding to Quendi (WJ:374), but it was no longer used as a general adjective. Quenya lambë "Quenya tongue" (WJ:407).
#querna probably "turned"; isolated from nuquerna (q.v.) *"under-turned" = reversed, turned upside down. This also suggests a verbal stem #quer- "turn", compare kuere (kwere) as one variant of a stem with precisely this meaning (PE14:65)
quessë "feather", also name of tengwa #4 (Appendix E, WJ:417, KWES, VT45:24); súriquessë "wind feather" (referring to a "tuft of radiating grass" in a drawing by Tolkien) (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator, p. 197)
quesset ("q") "pillow"; probably *quessec- since the Sindarin cognate pesseg points to a primitive form *kwessek- (compare filit, filic-) (KWES)
quessetéma "qu-series", velarized series: fourth column of the Tengwar system (Appendix E)
quet- "say, speak" (SA:quen-/quet-, LT2:348), aorist quetë in VT41:11, present tense quéta in VT41:13, pa.t. quentë in PM:401, 404. Translated "tell" in the sentence órenya quetë nin "my heart tells me" (VT41:15). Cf. also #maquet-
quetil ("q") "tongue, language" (KWET)
quetta "word" (SA:quen-/quet-, GL:28), pl. quettar (WJ:391)
quildë "hush, rest, quiet" (GL:23)
químari ("q") pl. "phantoms" (MC:213; in LotR-style Quenya rather fairi, sg. fairë)
quimellë "lady" (GL:45)
quinga ("q") "bow" (for shooting) (KWIG, LT1:256)
quingi ("q") "twang, of strings, harp" (LT1:256; rather tingë, tango in LotR-style Quenya)
quorin ("q") "drowned, choked" (LT1:264) Some think this is not a valid form in LotR-style Quenya, since quo- may not be a possible combination in this later version of the High-Elven language.
quoro- ("q") "choke, suffocate" (LT1:264; verbal stems ending in -o are not known from Tolkien's later Quenya). See quorin.

<R>
-r nominative plural ending regularly used on nouns ending in -a, -i, -ië, -o, -u, e.g. Ainur, Valar, tier.
rá (1) [changed by Tolkien from hrá], prepostion "on behalf of", followed by dative: rá men or contracted rámen "for us, on our behalf" (VT43:27, 28, 33). As these examples indicate, independent dative pronouns may - but do not have to - be directly suffixed to rá. Nouns would presumably not be suffixed like this, e.g. *rá Eldan "for an Elf, on behalf of an Elf".
rá (2) "lion", stem #ráv- as in the pl. rávi (RAW). Compare rau.
rá (3) "arm" (LT2:335, there spelt râ; certainly obsoleted by # 2 (and # 1) above. In Tolkien's later Quenya, "arm" is ranco)
rac- ("k") "break", past participle rácina ("rákina") "broken" in Markirya
#racina "stripped, deprived"; this adj. is only attested in the pl. (racinë ["k"]). Compare rácina under rac- above. Cf. #racina tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi ("k") is attested) "stripped sign", "deprived sign"; in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with no following vowel; the vowel was held to have disappeared or been omitted (VT39:6)
ráca ("k") "wolf" (DARÁK)
racta- ("k") "stretch out, reach" (LT2:335; read *rahta- if the word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya)
*rahta- see racta-
raica ("k") "crooked, bent, wrong" (RÁYAK, VT39:7), pl. raicar in LR:47 (read perhaps *raicë in LotR-style Quenya)
raima "net" (VT42:12)
raimë "network, lace" (VT42:28). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, a word raimë "hunt, hunting" is also cited in the entry ROY1, but this is a misreading for roimë (VT46:12)
raina (1) adj. "nettled, enlaced" (VT42:11)
raina (2) "smiling, gracious, sweet-faced" (VT44:35)
rainë "peace" (VT44:34-35)
raita- 1) "make network or lace" (also rëa-), 2) "catch in a net" (VT42:12)
[raiwe "lace" (VT42:12)]
ráma "wing", pl. rámar (RAM, Nam, RGEO:66, LT2:335); Markirya has both nominative pl. rámar "wings" and instrumental pl. rámainen *"with wings" (translated "on wings" by Tolkien); rámali "wings" in MC:213 would be a partitive pl. in LotR-style Quenya. Variant rámë in the names Eärrámë, Alquarámë, q.v.
rama- "to shout" (LT1:259)
rámalócë ("k") "winged dragon" (LOK)
rámavoitë "having wings" (LT2:335, Narqelion)
ramba "wall" (RAM, SA, VT46:10)
rambë "a shout" (LT1:259)
rámen, see rá
ran (ram-) "noise" (LT1:259, QL:79)
Rána "the Wayward, the Wanderer", a name of the moon (MR:198, MC:221, Silm). According to one late source, Rána is not properly the Moon itself but is rather the "name of the spirit (Máya) that was said to abide in the Moon as its guardian" (VT42:13). The Etymologies gives Rana with a short vowel (RAN). In the pre-classical Tengwar system there presupposed, Rana was also the name of tengwa #25, which letter Tolkien would later call Rómen instead.
ranco ("k") "arm", stem *rancu- given the primitive form ranku, hence also pl. ranqui ("q") (RAK)
randa "cycle, age" (100 Valian Years) (RAD)
ránë "straying, wandering" (noun) (RAN)
ránen "errant" (RAN; may be a misreading for *ránëa)
ranga (pl. rangar is attested) "yard, full pace". This Númenórean linar measure was "slightly longer than our yard, approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 cm]". (UT:285, 461)
rangwë "fathom" (noun) (RAK)
ranqui ("q") pl. of ranco (RAK)
#ranta "part" (noun). Pl. rantali attested. (PE14:117)
ranya- (1) verb "to stray" (RAN), (2) noun ranya "erratic wandering" (VT42:13), (3) adj. ranya, also aranya, "free". Another gloss was not certainly legible, but the editors suggest "uncontrolling" (VT46:10)
Rása "the Sea" (LT2:347; rather ëar in Tolkien's later Quenya)
rasco, see rassë
rassë, also rasco, "horn" (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) (RAS/VT46:10, PM:69)
#rasta "twelve" (isolated from yurasta "24", two times 12; cf. the stem RÁSAT "twelve" listed in the Etymologies). See yunquë. (PE14:17)
rato "soon" (Arct)
rau (pl. rávi) "lion" (LT1:260; the pl. of this "Qenya" form is valid in Tolkien's later Quenya as well, but the sg. he changed to rá, q.v.)
rauco ("k") "a powerful, hostile, and terrible creature", "very terrible creature", especially in the compound Valarauco "Demon of Might" (WJ:415, VT39:10, cf. SA:raukor. In the Etymologies, stem RUK, the gloss is "demon".) Longer variant arauco. In the compound Valaraucar "Balrogs", the pl. of rauco is surprisingly #raucar instead of *raucor.
raumo "(noise of a) storm" (Markirya)
raust "hunting, preying" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya *roimë [misreading "raime" in LR:384]. No word can end in -st in LotR-style Quenya.)
rauta "metal" [meaning changed by Tolkien from "copper"] (RAUTÂ)
rauta- "to hunt" (LT1:260; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather roita-)
?ravanda form cited to elucidate the Noldorin word rhofan "wilderness"; it is not clear whether ravanda is meant as a Quenya cognate or just as an etymological (Old Noldorin?) form (VT46:10)
ráva (1) "bank" (especially of a river) (RAMBÂ)
ráva (2) "wild, untamed" (RAB)
rávë "roaring noise" (Markirya)
rávëa "roaring" (adj.) (Markirya)
ravennë "she-lion" (LT1:260)
#raxë "danger" (pl. ablative raxellor, VT44:9); Tolkien also considered the form #raxalë (pl. ablative raxalellor) (ibid.)
ré "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D); short -rë in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.)
rëa- "make network; make lace" (VT42:12)
#rem- "snare" (evidently as verb); cited in the form "remi-", apparently including the connecting vowel of the aorist tense (as in *remin "I snare"). (VT42:12)
remba- "net, entrap" (VT42:12)
rembë "mesh" (Appendix E, in a footnote), "hunter's or fisher's net" (VT42:29)
rembina "entangled" (VT42:12)
remma "snare" (as noun) (VT42:12)
rempa "crooked, hooked" (REP)
réna "edge, border, margin" (REG)
rendë pa.t. of rerin (RED)
#rer- "to sow" (1st pers. aorist rerin "I sow"), pa.t. rendë (RED)
resta "sown field, acre" (VT46:11 cf. RED-)
ría "wreath" (PM:347)
#ric- "twist", perfect irícië "has twisted" (VT39:9)
ríë "crown" (RIG; VT46:11 indicates that the vowel í should be long)
riel (*riell-) "garlanded maiden" (SA:kal-), full form riellë "a maiden crowned with a festival garland" (PM:347). In Altariel, Altariellë.
rihta- "jerk, give quick twist or move, twitch" (RIK(H) )
rillë "brilliance" (both the word and the gloss are uncertain, VT46:11)
rilma "glittering light" (RIL)
rilya "glittering" (RIL; in the printed Etymologies the word is also glossed "brilliance", but according to VT46:11 this gloss does not properly apply to this word)
ríma "edge, hem, border" (RÎ)
rimba "frequent, numerous" (RIM)
rimbë "crowd, host, great number" (RIM, SA:rim, Letters:282)
rimpa "rushing, flying" (RIP)
rin "dew" (LT1:265; rather rossë in LotR-style Quenya)
rína "crowned" (RIG)
rinca "twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move" (VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) )
rincë ("k") (stem *rinci-, given the primitive form rinki) "flourish, quick stroke" (RIK(H); the Etymologies as printed in LR reads "quick shake", but according to VT46:11 the correct reading is "quick stroke")
rinda "circular" (RIN)
rindë "circle" (RIN)
ringa "cold" (Markirya); the Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below). According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1:265)
Ringarë the twelfth and last month of the year, "December" (Appendix D, SA:ring); the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".
ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)
Ringil name of one of the great Lamps (pillared on ice), apparently contains ringë (RINGI). The name was later abandoned, as Tolkien decided to call the great Lamps Illuin and Ormal.
ringwë (1) "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" (VT46:11)
ringwë (2) "rime, frost" (LT1:265)
rista-, rista "cut" (vb and noun) (RIS)
Rithil-Anamo "Ring of Doom", translation of the foreign word Máhanaxar that was adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:401). Presumably *Risil-Anamo in Exilic Quenya.
-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v.
[rocca] "wheel" (VT46:12)
rocco ("k") "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko. In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, changed from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse".)
#rocindi "debtors" (attested in the pl. in the allative case and with a pronominal ending attached: rocindillomman "from our debtors") (VT43:20-21). Variant #rucindi (similarly isolated from rucindillomman). These forms seem to have been ephemeral; Tolkien came up with them while attempting to translate the Lord's Prayer into Quenya, but the final version uses another construction.
#rohta "debt, trespass" (attested in the pl.: rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix: rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43:19) Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass-people" = those who trespass (attested in the ablative: rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] debtors" (VT43:21)
roimë "hunt, hunting" (the spelling "raime" in the entry ROY1 in the Etymologies as printed in LR is a misreading, VT46:12)
roina "ruddy" (ROY2)
roita- "pursue" (ROY1)
róma (1) "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca)
róma (2) "loud sound, trumpet-sound" (ROM). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, róma was also the name of tengwa #30, which letter Tolkien would later call silmë nuquerna instead.
róma (3) "shoulder" (LT2:335; evidently obsoleted by # 1 and # 2 above.)
romba "horn, trumpet" (ROM)
rómen, Rómen "east" (RÔ, MEN, SA:men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA:rómen); also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). Rómenna, a place in the eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative "eastward" (SA:rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR:47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation "to those from the East" in his rendering of Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67). Masc. name Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf. Letters:425). Masc. name Rómestámo, Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with rómen "east")
rómenya "eastern" (RÔ)
-ron gen. pl. ending as in aldaron, see alda. The -r is actually the nominative pl. ending, to which is appended the genitive ending -o and a second plural marker, -n. Sometimes this genitive ending is added to nouns where we would rather expect -ion, since the nominative plural ends in -i; see #esseron, Wenderon under essë, wendë.
róna "east" (probably adj.) (RÔ)
[ronco], see rocco
rondo "a vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below" (and usually not visible from outside); "a (large) hall or chamber so roofed", "vaulted hall" (WJ:414; VT39:9; in the Etymologies, stem ROD, the gloss is simply "cave" or "roof"; see VT46:12 for the latter gloss)
ronta "hollow" (adj? noun?) (also rotwa) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)
ronya " 'chaser', hound of chase" (ROY1)
roquen "horseman [but the Quenya word does not show gender], rider, knight" (WJ:372, UT:282)
rossë "fine rain, dew" (ROS1, PM:371)
rosta "ascent" (LT1:267)
róta "tube" (LT2:347)
rotelë "cave" (LT2:347)
rotsë "pipe" (LT2:347); pl. rotser (?) in Narqelion? (Cf. QL:xiv)
rotto "a small grot or tunnel" (PM:365), "cave, tunnel" (VT46:12)
rotwa "hollow" (adj? noun?) (also ronta) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)
Rú "Drûg", Rúatan pl. Rúatani "Drúedain" (UT:385)
#ruc- (1) ("k") "feel fear or horror" (1st pers. aorist rucin "I feel fear or horror"); the verb is said to be constructed with "from" (sc. the ablative case, or prepositions like ho or va?) of the object feared. (WJ:415) Hence e.g. *rucin i ulundollo (or, *rucin ho/va i ulundo) for "I fear the monster"?
#ruc- (2) "fly (to)", in the phrase ortírielyanna rucimmë, "to thy patronage we fly" (VT44:7). If this is really the same verb as ruc- #1 above, it would indicate that ruc- combined with the allative case implies flying in horror to some refuge (denoted by the allative noun).
rúcima ("k") "terrible" (WJ:415)
rúcina ("k") "confused, shattered, disordered, ruined" in Markirya (the first version of this poem had "red skies", MC:215, changed to "ruined skies" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8)
#rucindi, see rocindi
ruhta- (1) "terrify" (WJ:415)
ruhta (2), see rohta
rúma- "shift, move, heave (of large and heavy things)"; participle rúmala in Markirya; this was changed to rúma, evidently the naked verbal stem used as participle
Rúmil masc. name, genitive Rúmilo (WJ:398)
rúna- "[to] free" (VT43:23). Compare eterúna-, etrúna-, q.v. It is not quite clear whether rúna by itself is an adjective or a verb; the gloss "free" makes room for both interpretations. If #runando "redeemer" (q.v.) is formed from this noun, it would cover "to redeem" as well.
#runando "redeemer", isolated from Mardorunando "Redeemer of the world" (VT44:17)
runda "rough piece of wood" (RUD)
rúnya "red flame" (SA:ruin; PM:366 gives runya)
runya "slot, footprint" (RUN; according to PM:366 runya also means "red flame", but SA:ruin has rúnya for this meaning)
[rusca] "red-brown" (VT41:10)
rusco (stem ruscu-, pl. rusqui) "fox" (PM:353, VT41:10)
ruscuitë "foxy" (VT41:10)
russa "red-haired" (VT41:10)
Russandol "Copper-top", a nickname (epessë) of Maitimo/Nelyafinwë (= Maedhros) (PM:354)
russë (1) "(a head or pelt of) red hair" (VT41:10)
russë (2) "corruscation, †sword-blade" (RUS)
rusta "broken" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
ruste "crumbling" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
#ruxa- "crumble"; verbal stem only attested as a participle ruxal' "crumbling" in the Markirya poem, elided from *ruxala (since the next word begins in an a).
-rya pronominal ending "his, her" (Nam, RGEO:67) in máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"), súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" (WJ:369)

[LinBau]

<S>
-s (1) pronominal ending "it", seen in caritas, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. May also be used for "he/she" as in eques (q.v.); it seems that -s covers the entire 3rd person singular.
-s (2) ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis.
#sa "it" (isolated from ósa *"with it", VT43:36)
sa-rincë ("k"), apparently the name of the "hook" that may be attached to a tengwa letter to indicate a following s (VT46:11)
sá "fire" (LT1:265; "Qenya" spelling sâ. Use rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)
saca- ("k") (1) "pursue, look for, search" (QL:81; past tense sácë.)
saca- (Þ) ("k") (2) "draw, pull" (VT43:23; this word must come from older *Þaca- because it is said to be related to sahta-, older Þahta-, "induce", q.v.)
saccantë ("k") "rent" (past tense of an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?) (SD:246)
Sahóra "the South" (LT1:248, 255; rather Hyarmen in LotR-style Quenya)
#sahta- (Þ) "induce"; gerund or abstract noun sahtië (Þ) "pressure or force (to do something against one's will or conscience)" (VT43:22-23; compare úsahtië.)
#saila "wise" (isolated from alasaila "unwise" in a late source)
saira "wise" (SAY, VT46:12; a later source has the alternative formation #saila as above)
sairina "magic" (evidently adj.) (GL:72)
sairon "wizard" (SAY); according to LT2:337 and GL:29, Sairon is also the Quenya name of Dairon (Daeron).
saiwa "hot" (LT1:248, 255, 265)
salma "lyre" (LT1:265)
Salmar (masc. name; etymology unclear - cf. salma?) (Silm)
salmë "harp-playing" (LT1:265; rather nandelë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
salpa- (1) (verb) "lick up, sup, sip" (SÁLAP), "take a sup of" (LT1:266)
salpa (2) (noun) "bowl" (LT1:266)
salquë ("q") "grass" (SALÁK-(WÊ) )
sáma "mind" (pl. sámar and dual samat [sic, read *sámat?] are given) (VT39:23, VT41:5)
sambë (Þ) "room, chamber" (STAB)
samna (Þ) "wooden post" (STAB)
samnar "diphthongs" (sg. #samna "diphthong"?) (SAM; in one text probably dating to late 1930s, Tolkien rejects "osamnar" as the word for "diphthong", introducing the form ocamna to replace it. See VT44:13-14.)
samno (Þ) "carpenter, wright, builder" (STAB)
san (1) "then" (MC:216; also twice in Narqelion)
san (2) ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24)
sana "day (24 hours)" (LT1:250; the later word ré is to be preferred to this early "Qenya" form, the plural of which would clash with sanar below.)
sanar "mind" (literally "thinker" or "reflector", suggesting an underlying verb #sana- "to think, to reflect") (VT41:13)
Sanavaldo "the Almighty" (SD:401)
sanca (Þ) ("k") "cleft, split" (STAK)
sancë ("k") "hateful" (LT2:341)
Sancossi ("k") "the Goblins" (LT2:341)
sanda (Þ) (1) "firm, true, abiding" (STAN)
[sanda, sandë] (Þ) (2) "name" (VT46:16)
sandastan "shield-barrier", a battle-formation (UT:282; probably sandastam- since the final element is derived from a stem stama- "bar, exclude". Compare talan, talam- from TALAM.)
sanga (Þ) "crowd, press, throng" (STAG, SA:thang, LT2:342; pl. sangar (?) twice in Narqelion). In Sangahyando (Þ) "Throng-cleaver", name of a man in Gondor (SA:thang; a footnote in Letters:425 explains that "throng" here means a closely formed body of enemy soldiers. In the Etymologies, stems STAG, SYAD, sangahyando is said to be a swordname, and LT2:342 likewise defines the word as a name of Turambar's sword: "cleaver of throngs, Throng-cleaver".
#sangië (evidently Þ, cf. sanga above) "necessity" (evidently in the sense of *"tribulation, pressure"; compare sanga, of which #sangië is an abstract formation). Isolated from sangiessemman "in our necessities" (VT44:8)
sanganë "gather" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
sangwa "poison" (SAG)
sanwë "thought, an act of thinking" (VT39:23, 30; VT41:5, 13)
sanwecenda ("k") "thought-inspection, thought-reading" (VT41:5)
sanwë-latya "thought-opening", direct, telepathic thought-transfer (VT39:23)
sanwe-menta "thought-sending, mental message"
sanya (Þ) (1) "regular, law-abiding, normal" (STAN); variant vorosanya with a prefixed element meaning "ever" (VT46:16)
[sanya] (Þ) (2) ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)
[sanya] (Þ) (3) "truth, fact" (VT46:16)
sanyë (Þ) "rule, law" (STAN)
sapsanta "grave-into" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; note obsolete allative in -nta, later dual allative only)
sar (sard-, as in pl. sardi) "(small) stone" (SAR). In Elessar, q.v.
sára (1) "bitter" (SAG)
sára (2) "fiery" (LT1:248; this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)
sara (Þ) "stiff dry grass, bent" (STAR)
sarat (pl. sarati given) "letter", any individual significant mark, used of the letters of Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar (WJ:396). Cf. sarmë.
sarco ("k") "flesh" (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has hrávë)
sarcuva ("k") "corporeal, bodily" (LT2:347)
sarda "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)
#sarda tengwë "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). (Only pl. sarda tengwi [ñ] is attested; we would rather expect #sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. (VT39:17)
sarmë "writing" (VT39:8). Cf. sarat.
sarna "of stone" (SAR)
sarnë "strony place" (SAR; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, the gloss reads "strong place", but according to VT46:12 the proper reading is "stony place")
sarnië (sarniyë) "shingle, pebble-bank" (UT:463, VT42:11)
sarqua ("q") "fleshy" (LT2:347)
Sarquindi ("q") "Cannibal-ogres" (LT2:347)
#sat- verb "set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner" (VT42:20). Cited in the form "sati-"; the final -i may be simply the connecting vowel of the aorist (as in *satin "I set aside"). This verb "was in Quenya applied to time as well as space" (VT42:20)
satya "private, separate, not common, excluded" (VT42:20)
[sauna] (Þ) "wooden post", changed by Tolkien to samna (VT46:15)
saura (Þ) "foul, evil-smelling, putrid" (THUS)
Sauro, Sauron (Þ) "the Abhorred", name of a Maia, the second Dark Lord. Earlier Thauron (SA:thaur, THUS), archaic *thaurond- (Letters:380, where a special letter is used instead of the digraph th). The stem of Sauron would then be *Saurond-.
[sauro] (Þ) "carpenter, wright, builder", changed by Tolkien to samno (VT46:15)
sáva "juice" (SAB)
Sáya name of the fire-fay (GL:66)
se (1) pronoun "he, she", possibly also object "him, her" (ósë *"with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-)
se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)
selda (meaning not clear, related to seldë "child" [meaning changed from "daughter"] and seldo *"boy", perhaps an adjective *"childlike", since -a is a frequent adjectival ending. Alternatively, as suggested in VT46:13, selda may be a neuter noun "child", corresponding to masc. seldo *"boy" and fem. seldë *"girl", before Tolkien changed the meaning of the latter to "child".) (SEL-D, cf. VT46:22-23)
seldë "child" [meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter"] (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23)
seldo (meaning not clear, perhaps the masculine form of seldë "child", hence *"boy") (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23)
seler (Þ) (sell-, as in pl. selli) "sister" (THEL/THELES)
selli (Þ) pl. of seler (THEL/THELES)
*selma (Þ) "a fixed idea, will" (WJ:319; only the archaic/Vanyarin form Þelma [thelma] is given)
sen- "let loose, free, let go" (VT43:18)
senda "resting, at peace" (SED)
*sendë, see ser-
-ser "friend" (SER)
ser- "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser- was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)
sercë ("k") "blood" (SA:sereg; the Etymologies gives yár as the Quenya word for "blood")
sérë "rest, repose, peace" (SED, VT44:35); see under úyë concerning the sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's Song
Serindë (Þ) fem. name; "Broideress" (Silm) or "Needlewoman" (PM:333). Original form Therindë, q.v.
sermë "friend" (fem.) (SER)
sermo "friend" (evidently masc., since sermë is stated to be fem.) (SER)
seron "friend" (SER)
[setta, setya "first" (possibly also "primary", but Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible) (VT46:13)]
sí "now" (Nam, RGEO:67, LR:47, SD:310, VT43:34), sin (SI, LR:47) or sín (SD:247, 310) before vowels. Compare the distribution of a/an in English, though in his Quenya version of Hail Mary, Tolkien used sí also before a vowel (sí ar "now and", VT43:28). Si, a short (or incompletely annotated) form of sí (VT43:26, 34). - In Fíriel's Song, sí is translated "here".
siar, siarë "this day", a form Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of síra, q.v. (VT43:18)
sicil ("k") "dagger, knife" (SIK)
sië "thus" (VT43:24)
sil- "shine" (white), present tense síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir (The Return of the Shadow:324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya comments)
#sil-cal- ("k") "to shine" (silver and gold) < "Qenya" sílankálan *"they shine (silver and gold)" (VT27:20, 27); cf. sil-, cal-, q.v.
sisilcala- ("k") "to shine continuously (silver and gold)" ("Qenya" inflected form sisilkalan) (VT27:20, 26, 27)
silda-ránar "in gleaming-moon" (locative -r) (MC:213; this is "Qenya"; cf. sildë)
sildai (Narqelion)
sildë "gleaming" (?) (MC:214; this is "Qenya"; cf. silda-ránar)
silima the substance the Silmarils were made of, invented by Fëanor (SA:sil)
Silindo "Jupiter" (LT1:265; this planet is called Alcarinquë in Tolkien's later Quenya)
#sillumë "this hour", ablative sillumello "from this hour" (VT44:35)
silma "silver, shining white" (adj.) (SIL)
Silmarien (sometimes "-riën") fem. name, apparently incorporates sil(i)ma (Appendix A)
Silmaril (Silmarill-, as in pl. Silmarilli) name of the shining jewels made by Fëanor; full sg. form Silmarillë (SA:sil, SIL, RIL, MIR). Translated "radiance of pure light" in Letters:148. Gen. pl. Silmarillion, as in (Quenta) Silmarillion "(the Story) of the Silmarils".
silmë "starlight", also name of tengwa #29 (Appendix E), though in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, the name silmë instead applied to tengwa #3 (VT46:13). Silmë nuquerna "s reversed", name of tengwa #30, similar to normal silmë but turned upside down (Appendix E). In the Etymologies, stem SIL, silmë is defined as the "light of Silpion" (Telperion), and also a poetic word for "silver".
Silmeráno "of silver moon" (MC:220; this is "Qenya")
Silmerossë a name of Silpion (Telperion) (ROS1, SIL)
Silpion a name of the Elder of the Two Trees of Valinor (Telperion, the White Tree). (Silm, SIL, SÍLIP, BAL, ROS1, LR:385) In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, the name Silpion instead applied to tengwa #29, which letter Tolkien would later call silmë instead.
silquelosseën ("q") "blossom-white hair" (MC:216; this is "Qenya", but compare lossë)
símen "here" (FS; cf. sinomë in EO)
simpa "pipe, flute" (LT1:266)
simpetalla (Narqelion)
simpetar "piper" (LT1:266)
simpina "pipe, flute" (LT1:266)
simpisë "piping" (LT1:266)
sin (1) a word either meaning "thus" (adverb) or "this" (as an independent word in the sentence, not modifying another word like sina does). Attested in the sentence sin quentë Quendingoldo Elendilenna, either *"this Pengolodh said to Elendil" or "thus spoke Pengolodh to Elendil" (PM:401).
sin (2) a form of sí "now" (q.v.) often occurring before vowels; also sín (SI)
sina "this" (following its noun in our sole example: vanda sina "this oath"). (CO) Cf. sin (1).
sincahonda "flint-hearted" (LotR3:VI ch. 6). Hence #sinca "flint-[stone]"?
sinda (Þ) "grey"; nominal pl. Sindar used = "Grey-elves", lit. *"Grey ones"; see WJ:375. Gen. pl. Sindaron in WJ:369. With general meaning "grey" also in Sindacollo > Singollo "Grey-cloak, Thingol" (SA:thin(d); see also sindë, Sindicollo); sindanórië "grey land", ablative sindanóriello "from/out of a grey country" (Nam). However, other sources give sindë (q.v.) as the Quenya word for "grey"; perhaps sinda came to mean primarily "Grey-elf" as a noun. Derived adjective Sindarin "Grey-elven", normally used of the Grey-elven language. (Appendix F)
sindarinwa (Þ) "Grey-elven" in the phrase hwesta sindarinwa "Grey-elven hw" (Appendix E); it may really be "Sindarin" (as a noun) with the possessive ending -va, -wa appended, hence literally "hw of [the] Sindarin [language]"
sindë (Þ) "grey, pale or silvery grey" (the Vanyarin dialect preserves the older form Þindë) (WJ:384, THIN; in SA:thin(d) the form given is sinda, cf. also sindanóriello "from a grey country" in Namárië. Sindë and sinda are apparently variants of the same word.) Stem sindi-, given the primitive form thindi; cf. Sindicollo (q.v.)
Sindel (Þ) (Sindeld-, as in pl. Sindeldi) "Grey-elf" = Sinda pl. Sindar, but less common (WJ:384)
sindi "river" (LT1:265; rather sírë in LotR-style Quenya)
Sindicollo (Þ) "Grey-cloak", title of Elwë (Elu). Sindarin Thingol. (WJ:410, MR:217). (Sindi- in this name is a compound form of sindë, q.v.) Original form Thindicollo (WJ:333). The Silmarillion appendix (SA:thin(d) ) gives Sindacollo.
Sindo (Þ) name of Elwe's brother (THIN)
Singollo (Þ) contraction of Sindicollo (Silm)
sinomë "in this place" (EO); variant sínomë (VT44:36)
sinqui ("q") (Narqelion)
sinquitálar ("q") (Narqelion)
sinta (Þ) (1) "short" (STINTÂ)
sinta- (Þ) (2) "fade", pa.t. sintanë (THIN)
sintë pa.t. of ista-, q.v. (IS)
sinya "new" (SI)
sinyë (Þ) "evening" (THIN)
sir- "flow" (SIR)
síra "this day", *"today" as adverb (VT43:18)
sírë "river" (SIR, VT46:13), "stream" (LT1:265)
siril "rivulet" (SIR)
sirilla *"flowing", "Qenya" participle of siri- "flow" (Narqelion, cf. QL:xiv)
sírima "liquid, flowing" (LT1:265)
Siriondil masc .name, *"Sirion-friend" (Appendix A)
sisíla- is said to be the "frequentative" form of sil- (MC:223); the participle sisílala in Markirya is simply translated "shining".
Sistar (VT45:12; the word is not clearly defined)
siulë "incitement" (SIW)
sívë (1) "as", apparently ve of similar meaning with the prefix sí- "this, here, now"; sívë therefore makes a comparison with something close, whereas tambë (q.v.) refers to something remote. Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17). Elided sív' in VT43:12, since the next word begins in the vowel e-.
sívë (2) "peace" (VT44:35)
soica ("k") "thirsty" (VT39:11)
solmë "wave" (LT1:266)
Solonel a name of the Teleri (here in the sg, pl. Soloneldi). Note that this form is influenced by Telerin; pure Quenya has Solonyeldi, sg. #Solonyel. (PHAL/PHÁLAS, NYEL, SOL)
solor "surf" (SOL); solor, solossë "surf, surge" (LT1:266)
solossë "surf, surge" (LT1:266); also solor
[sonda "dear, fond" (VT46:15)]
[sondo "friend" (VT46:15)]
sor, sornë "eagle" (LT1:266); rather sorno, soron in LotR-style Quenya
sóra "long, trailing" (LT2:344)
sornion "eyrie" (LT1:266)
sorno (Þ) "eagle" (archaic thorno) (Letters:427). Also soron. Early "Qenya" has sor, sornë (LT1:266)
soron (or sornë) (Þ) "eagle", before an ending sorn- as in pl. sorni, "gen.sg....sornen"; in LotR-style Quenya this would be the dative singular instead (THOR/THORON). SD:290 has the pl. soroni "eagles", changed to sorni as in the Etymologies. Early "Qenya" has the forms sor, sornë (LT1:266)
Sorontar (Þ) "King of Eagles", Sindarin Thorondor, name of a great Eagle (SA:thoron, THOR/THORON, TÂ/TA3)
Soronúmë (Þ?) (name of a constellation, apparently incorporating soron "eagle") (SA:thoron)
-ssë locative ending (compare the preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, q.v., lúmessë, q.v.; pl. -ssen in yassen, mahalmassen, q.v. The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.
-sta ending occurring in the names of certain lands (VT43:15), e.g. the Forostar or "Northlands" of Númenor (UT:165)
sú "noise of wind" (LT1:266; "Qenya" spelling sû)
suc- ("k") "to drink" (1st pers. aorist sucin "I drink") (SUK)
suhto "draught" (SUK)
sulca ("k") "root" (especially as edible) (SÚLUK)
súlë (Þ) "spirit, breath", also name of tengwa #9; originally thúlë (Þúlë), before the shift th > s that occurred shortly before the rebellion of the Noldor (Appendix E, THÛ)
súlimarya (Narqelion)
Súlimë (Þ?) third month of the year, "March". The word apparently means *"windy one" (Appendix D; SA:sûl; not capitalized in the latter source). Early "Qenya" has súlimë "wind" (LT1:266)
Súlimo (Þ) surname of Manwe (wind-god) (THÛ, SA:sûl)
súlo (stem *súlu-, given the primitive form suglu) "goblet" (SUG; see SUK; apparently changed by Tolkien from súla, VT46:16)
sulp- "lick" (LT1:266; rather lav- in Tolkien's later Quenya)
sulpa "soup" (LT1:266)
súma "hollow cavity, bosom"; cf. súmaryassë "in her bosom" (súma-rya-ssë "bosom-her-in") in Markirya
sundo (Þ) "base, root, root-word" (SUD), sc. a Quendian consonantal "base". According to VT46:16, Tolkien changed the root to STUD, thereby implying that sundo was originally Þundo (compare Sindarin thond "root").
sundóma (Þ) *"base-vowel" (sundo + óma), the determinant vowel of a "base" or root (Christopher Tolkien gives the example KAT, which stem has the sundóma A; the stem TALAT has the sundóma repeated; in derivative forms the sundóma might be placed before the first consonant; e.g. ATALAT) (WJ:319)
sungwa "drinking-vessel" (SUK)
súrë "wind", stem súri- as in the instrumental form súrinen "in the wind" or more literally *"by the wind" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya, J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 197); Súrion masc.name, *"Wind-son" (Appendix A). Early "Qenya" has súru (MC:213, 216, 220). See also súriquessë.
#surië (Þ), possibly a noun "seeking"; see minasurië.
súriquessë "wind feather" (referring to a "tuft of radiating grass" in a drawing by Tolkien) (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator, p. 197)
Súro (Þ) alternative form of Sauro(n) (THUS)
súru "wind" (MC:213, 216, 220; this is "Qenya"; Tolkien's later Quenya has súrë)
surya "spirant consonant" (SUS)
súya- (Þ) "breathe" (THÛ)
súyer (Narqelion)

<T>
-t (1) dual ending, denoting a pair of something: máryat "her (pair of) hands" (Nam). Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, "respective" -tes.
-t (2) "them", pronominal ending; seen in the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" (lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them"). Also independent word te.
-t (3) reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" (sg.). See heca! (WJ:364)
ta (1) "them" (likely also subject *"they"), "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things (such as inanimates) not by the Eldar regarded as persons" (VT43:20). Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" pronoun: emmë avatyarir ta "we forgive them" (VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers).
ta (2) "that, it"; compare antaróta "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. (TA; obsoleted by #1 above? However, tai *"that which" [q.v.] from a relatively late text may also contain ta; see also tanna.)
tá "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)
tac- ("k") "fasten" (the form tacë given in the Etymologies is translated "he fastens", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist), pa.t. tancë (TAK)
tai ?"that which" (VT42:34). The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it may seem to mean more literally "that which", ta + i (cf. ta #2 and the use of i as a relative pronoun).
tailë "lengthening, extension" (TAY)
#taima "lengthening, extension" in ómataima, q.v.
Taimavar "Shepherd of the Sky", Orion (LT1:268; Orion is called Telumehtar or Menelmacar in Tolkien's later Quenya)
Taimë, Taimië "the sky" (LT1:268; rather menel in LotR-style Quenya)
Taimondo, also Taimordo "Orion" (LT1:268; Orion is rather called Telumehtar or Menelmacar in Tolkien's later Quenya)
taina "lengthened, extended" (TAY), "stretched, elongated" (VT39:7), also noun "extension" in the compound ómataina, q.v.
taita- "to prolong" (TAY)
tál (tal-, as in "g.sg. talen"; in LotR-style Quenya this is rather the dative singular) "foot" (TAL). VT:43:16 mentions "an unpublished declension" of this word dating from ca. 1967; here the locative is said to appear as talassë and talsë. Early "Qenya" forms: tala "foot" (LT2:347) and dual talwi "the feet" (LT2:347); tálin "feet" (MC:216); instrumental talainen, talalínen "with wings, on wings" (wings here meaning sails) (MC:213, 216, 220; this is "Qenya")
talan (talam-, e.g. pl. talami) "floor, base, ground" (TALAM)

[LinBau]

talantië "he is fallen" (FS; see -ië #2 concerning the doubtful authority of this stative verb ending in LotR-style Quenya)
talas "sole" (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tallunë)
talat- a stem used for "slipping, sliding, falling down" (Letters:347), cf. talta- and talantië
#talca ("k") "post, mark" isolated from lantalca "boundary post or mark" (VT42:28)
tallunë "sole of foot" (TALAM, RUN)
talma "base, foundation, root" (TALAM); Talmar Ambaren (place-name, *"Foundations of the World" - this is pre-classical "Qenya" with genitive in -en instead of -o as in LotR-style Quenya) (TALAM). Allative talmanna in the phrase telmello talmanna "from hood to base, top to bottom" (VT46:18; notice misreading "telmanna" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry TEL-, TELU-)
talta adj. "sloping, tilted, leaning" or "incline" as a noun (TALÁT)
talta- "slip, slide down, collapse, slope" (TALÁT); reduplicated stem in the participle talta-taltala in Markirya, simply translated "falling" in MC:215
tam- "to tap" (1st pers. aorist tamin "I tap"), pa.t. tamnë (TAM)
tamba- "to knock, keep on knocking" (TAM)
tambaro "woodpecker" (TAM)
tambë (1) "so" or "as" (referring to something remote; contrast sívë). Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17).
tambë (2) "copper" (LT1:250; this is "Qenya"; see urus for a later word for "copper")
tambina "of copper" (LT1:250; rather *urustina in later Quenya, see urus, urust-)
tamin (taminn-) "forge" (noun) (LT1:250, cf. QL:88)
tampa "stopper" (TAP)
tampë "copper" (LT1:268; in LotR-style Quenya tampë is [also?] the past tense of tap- "stop, block")
tampë pa.t. of tap-, q.v. (TAP)
tana "that" (anaphoric) (TA)
tána (meaning unclear, probably "high, lofty, noble") (TÂ/TA3)
tana- "to show, indicate" (MR:350, 385, 471) (cf. the demonstrative tana "that")
tanca ("k") "firm, fixed, sure" (TAK)
tancë ("k") pa.t. of tac-, q.v. (TAK)
tancil ("k") "pin, brooch" (TAK)
Tancol ("k") "Signifer", "the significant star" = Venus (MR:385)
tande "thither" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
tango "twang" (TING/TANG)
tangwa "hasp, clasp" (TAK)
taniquelassë name of tree (UT:167), perhaps Tanique(til) + lassë "leaf"
Taniquetil (Taniquetild-) the highest of the mountains of Valinor, upon which were the mansions of Manwë and Varda; properly, this name refers to the topmost peak only, the whole mountain being called Oiolossë (SA:til). The Etymologies has Taniquetil, Taniquetildë ("q") (Ta-niqe-til) ("g.sg." Taniquetilden, in LotR-style Quenya this is the dative singular) "High White Horn" (NIK-W, TIL, TA/TA3, OY)
tanna (1) noun "sign" (MR:385)
tanna (2) "thither" (VT14:5; possibly to be understood as the allative of ta #2: "to that [place]")
tano "craftsman, smith" (TAN)
tanta (1) noun "harp", also as verb tanta- "to play a harp" (VT41:10)
tanta (2) "double" (prob. adj) (TATA)
tantila "harp" (noun) (VT41:10)
tanwë "craft, thing made, decive, construction" (TAN)
tanya "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
tap- "stop, block" (the form tapë given in the Etymologies is translated "he stops, blocks", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist; in Etym as printed in LR, a was misprinted as á, VT46:17). Pa.t. tampë (TAP)
tapta "impeded" (VT39:17); nominal pl. taptar is used to mean "consonants" ( = tapta tengwi, q.v.)
#tapta tengwë phrase only attested in the pl.: tapta tengwi ("ñ") "impeded elements", a term for consonants. (In the pl. we would rather expect *taptë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective.) Also simply tapta pl. taptar (VT39:17)
tar (1) "thither" (TA)
tar (2) "beyond" (FS)
-tar element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TÂ/TA3)
tár pl. tári "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TÂ/TA3)
Tar- element prefixed to the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.
tára "lofty" (SA:tar, LT1:264, TÂ/TA3 (AYAK, TÁWAR), VT45:6), "tall, high" (WJ:417). Compare antara. Adverb táro in an early "Qenya" text (VT27:20, 26)
taracu- ("k") "ox" (LT2:347, GL:69)
taran, tarambo "buffet" (LT2:337)
Tarannon masc. name; ?"High-gift"? Or, if -annon is a Sindarin-influenced form of andon "great gate" rather than a masculinized form of anna "gift", "Lord of the Gate" (Appendix A)
tarassë (Narqelion)
tarca ("k") "horn" (TARÁK)
tarcalion = Tar-Calion, Quenya name of Ar-Pharazôn (LR:47, SD:246); see Calion
Tar-culu ("k"), name listed in the Etymologies but not elsewhere attested. The second element is apparently culu "gold" (a word Tolkien seems to have abandoned); Hostetter and Wynne suggest that this may be an alternative name of Tar-Calion (= Ar-Pharazôn "the Golden"); see VT45:24.
Tarcil ("k") (#Tarcild-, as in pl. Tarcildi) masc. name, *"High-man", also used to mean Númenórean (Appendix A, TUR, KHIL, VT46:17; the latter source provides the gloss "Great Man of Numenor"; tarcil(di) = "high-men = Elf-friends of Númenor")
tárë "in that day", not translated in its first occurrence in Fíriel's Song
Tareldar "High-elves" (MR:349), sg. *Tarelda
tári "queen", used especially of Varda (TÂ/TA3, LT1:264), etymologically "she that is high" (SA:tar). Dative tárin in the Elaine inscription; genitive tário in Namárië. Elentári "Starqueen", a title of Varda. (Nam, RGEO:67). Tarinya "my queen" (UT:179; sic, not *tárinya)
tárië "height", allative tárienna "to [the] height" (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)
Tárion alternative name of Valanya, the last day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Powers (Valar) (Appendix D)
tarma "pillar" (SA:tar); Tarmasundar "the Roots of the Pillar", the slopes of Meneltarma in Númenor (UT:166)
#tarmen "high place" (pl. locative tarmenissen in VT44:34)
Tarmenel "High Heaven" (LotR1:II ch. 1, VT44:34, in the latter source also locative tarmeneldë), Tar-menel "the true firmament", as opposed to Nur-menel (q.v.) (MR:388)
tarna "crossing, passage" (LT2:347)
[Tarnumen] *"High west" () (VT45:38)
Tarondor masc. name, *"Lord of Ondor (Gondor)" (Appendix A)
Tarostar masc. name, *"Lord of ostar [?]" (Appendix A)
tarquendi ("q") "High-elves" = Lindar (= the later Vanyar; Tolkien revised the names) Sg. #tarquendë (TÂ/TA3)
tarquesta ("q") "high-speech" (that is Lindarin [later Vanyarin, Tolkien revised the names], or Qenya [Quenya]) (TÂ/TA3)
taru "horn" (LT2:337, 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)
tarucca ("k") "horned" (LT2:347)
tarucco ("k") "bull" (also tarunco) ("k") (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has mundo)
Taructarna ("k") "Oxford" (LT2:347; this "Qenya" word would have to become Taruhtarna in LotR-style Quenya)
*Taruhtarna see Taructarna
tarunco ("k") "bull" (also tarucco) ("k") (LT2:347; Tolkien's later Quenya has mundo)
tarya "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)
tasar, tasarë "willow-tree" (TATHAR). In Tasarinan *"Willow-valley", Nan-tasarion *"Valley of willows" (SA:tathar)
tasarin "willow" (LT2:346; in Tolkien's later Quenya tasar, tasarë)
Tasarinan *"Willow-vale", also Nan-Tasarion (LotR2:III ch. 4)
táta "hat" (GL:71)
tatya archaic ordinal "second". Nominal pl. Tatyar *"Seconds, Second Ones", the original name of the Noldor as the Second Clan of the Elves (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original name, that was probably *Tatjâi). (WJ:380) Later, tatya as an ordinal was replaced by attëa (VT42:25).
tatya- "to double" (TATA)
taulë "great tree" (LT1:267)
tauno "forest" (LT1:267; in Tolkien's later Quenya taurë)
taura "mighty" (TUR), "very mighty, vast, of unmeasured might or size" (VT39:10)
taurë "(great) wood, forest" (SA:taur, Letters:308, TÁWAR. VT39:7), pl. tauri in Markirya
Taurë Huinéva "Forest of Shadow", Sindarin Taur na Fuin (PHUY, VT46:10)
#taurëa "forested" in Tumbaletaurëa, see Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna...
taurelasselindon "like leaves of forests" (MC:213, 220; this is "Qenya")
Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaurëa Lómëanor "Forestmanyshadowed-deepvalleyblack Deepvalleyforested Gloomyland", Quenya elements agglutinated in Entish fashion; this supposedly means something like "there is a black shadow in the deep dales of the forest" (LotR2:III ch. 4; translated in Appendix F under "Ents"; cf. also Letters:308)
Tauremorna place-name, *"Wood-black" (LotR2:III ch. 4) Tauremornalómë place-name, *"Forest (of) Black Night" (LotR2:III ch. 4)
taurina "of wood" (TÁWAR)
tavar (1) "wood" (TÁWAR)
tavar (2), pl. tavarni, "dale-sprites" (LT1:267; perhaps obsoleted by # 1 above)
Tavari (name of the "fays of the Woods" in early "Qenya"; see The Book of Lost Tales 1 p. 267) (TÁWAR)
tavaril "dryad, spirit of woods" (evidently fem.) (TÁWAR)
tavaro, tavaron "dryad, spirit of woods" (evidently masc.) (TÁWAR)
tavas "woodland" (LT1:267)
taxë ("ks") "nail" (TAK)
te "them" (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308). Ótë *"with them", q.v. VT43:20 connects te "them" with a discussion of Common Eldarin pronominal stems (ca. 1940s), where te is the "personal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring to persons rather than abstracts or inanimates. (Compare ta #1.) It may be that te may function as subject "they" as well as object "them". Also see tien.
tëa (1) "straight line, road" (TEÑ)
tëa (2) "indicates" (evidently a present-tense stem) (VT39:6); past tense tengë (VT43:38)
tec- "write" (Etym gives the form tecë "writes", evidently the 3rd person aorist) (TEK)
tecco ("k") "stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark" (TEK)
tecil ("k") "pen" (TEK, PM:318)
tehta "mark, sign" (noun) (TEK, VT39:17, Appendix E), especially diacritics denoting vowels in Fëanorian writing (pl. tehtar is attested); these diacritics are explicitly called ómatehtar "vowel-marks", q.v.